2.1. ANALYSIS microscopic and macroscopicReview of thermodynamics microscopic statistical review also sisebut. Here should see each molecule and then analyzed the collective influence of these molecules with statistical methods. Overview of macroscopic thermodynamics is also called the review a macroscopic classical review see only the global effect of the interacting molecules. Macroscopic level is the level that we know today. We measure distances in meters, the temperature in degrees Celsius, the time in minutes etc.. Measurements taken is too large when compared to the molecular level. Methods of statistical thermodynamics are used to explain phenomena that can not be described in macroscopic.
2.2. Substantive OR SUBSTANCEThe process of transformation / conversion of energy requires an intermediary. Intermediary is called substantive or intermediary substance or medium. For example, steam at a steam turbine, air mixed with gasoline in the motor baker. Substantive substantive categorized into two: pure and impure. Both substantive purely homogeneous physical and chemical composition, as well as not having a chemical reaction (eg water murini). While the substantive is not purely a physical or chemical mixtures or both (eg, air consists of oxygen and nitrogen).
2.3. MASS SYSTEM AND VOLUME FIXED FIXEDThermodynamic system is a collection of matter in space whose identity is fixed and limited by the system boundary. Everything that is outside the boundary line system called lingkingan. In the figure 2.1 substantive and bounded by the cylinder piston is the system. In this case the system is no substantive flow of both incoming and outgoing lines, therefore the system is called a closed system.
Closed SystemsIn the figure 2.2 is limited by substantive broken line is the system. In this case the volume bounded by broken lines remain, but the filling substantive change with time. So in this case no mass flow into and out of the system. Such systems are called open sisitm, broken line bounded volume is called volume set (volume control) and the broken line is called a surface set (control surface).
Open Systems
2.4. NATURE intensive and extensiveObjec level (state) is a complete description of the substantive existence of which can be: the pressure temperature, density, and other macroscopic scale. Macroscopic quantities are called substantive properties. Substantive nature of the properties are classified into two: intensive and extensive properties. Intensive properties do not depend on the substantive measures such as temperature, pressure and specific volume. Extensive properties depend on substantive measures such as volume and mass.
2.4. UNIT (UNIT)2.4.1.UNIT STYLEBased on Newton's laws to II which states that the force (F) is proportional to the mass (m) and acceleration (a) mass.
Unit force in Newton, then:
In the MKS system of units of the force is kgfsehingga take somewhat different definition:, Where C is a constant of proportionality so that:
It represents the unit of weight or force of gravity on one kilogram of mass. With this definition in the price of the constant C is taken equal to the standard acceleration of gravity so that the mass of 1 kilogram weight kilgram mempunyai1.Can be seen that:
In the cgs system of units of force is a dyne is the force exerted on a 1 gram mass to get acceleration 1 cm/s2. So ekivalensinya with SI are:
2.4.2.UNIT PRESSURESI unit of pressure can be derived from the definition of force per unit area. So that:, This unit is called Pascal abbreviated (Pa).Another unit of pressure in SI is a bar, where 1bar = 105 N/m2 = 0.1 MN/m2. Conversion to MKS and the British are as follows:
Can be seen also a standard atmosphere are:
Conversion of 1 atmosphere or ata techniques are:
Conversion of pressure units are:
Absolute Pressure and Pressure Gage2)3)One example is a simple pressure gauge manometer tube U.
density of manometer fluid
Pipe Manometer U2.4.3.UNIT ENERGY AND WORKUnit of energy or work obtained from the multiplication of force by the motion trajectory. In the SI unit is the Newton-meters (Nm) or Joules (J)
Converting from cgs units to Joule of work is:
Converting MKS unit of heat (kcal) obtained from the equivalence of heat into mechanical energy:
2.4.4.UNIT POWERPower in adala SI unit watt (W) is defined as the rate of work per second
Keep in mind that the units of watts of electrical power as well:
Conversion of horsepower are:Imperial:
Metrics:
Unit bias energy is obtained from the power unit:
In ImperialIn the Metrics2.4.5. UNIT enthalpyInterconnectedness enthalpy units are as follows:
2.4.6. SPECIFIC HEAT UNIT entropy and
2.4.7. REFRIGERATION UNIT CAPACITYThe standard unit is a ton of refrigeration refrigeration TR is shortened heat must be removed from 1 ton (U.S.) of water temperature 32oF to 32oF temperature to ice within 24 hours.
The figure 144 is ice freezing latent Kapor. The conversion to other units are:
Because 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ, then the conversion to the SI are:
2.5. PROCESS AND CYCLEThe process is an event that causes the state of substantive change from one state to the state level to another. Incident such as calorific intake, calorific expenditure, employment income and expenses of the system work. Changes from 1 to 2 is called a process. While the cycle is a series of multiple processes at the state level last mengmbalikan substantive outcome to the original state. Changes from 1 to 2, followed by 2 to 3 and so on up to 4 to 1 is called the cycle again.
Process and Cycle
2.6. LAW AND SCALE TO ZERO TEMPERATURE TERMOIf object A higher temperature of the object B were merged into one, then there is the flow of heat from high temperature object to a lower level. This causes changes in the nature terjdinya. At the time of equilibrium is reached (no change in the nature again) then it will be the same temperature. Law of thermodynamics states to Zero:If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, all three are in thermal equilibrium and therefore the same temperature.
Illustration of hokum to zero thermoThe results of the legal understanding that the object C is the temperature of the thermometer is used as a comparison object A and object B. Menganbil reference thermometer scale triple point and boiling point of water.
2.2. Substantive OR SUBSTANCEThe process of transformation / conversion of energy requires an intermediary. Intermediary is called substantive or intermediary substance or medium. For example, steam at a steam turbine, air mixed with gasoline in the motor baker. Substantive substantive categorized into two: pure and impure. Both substantive purely homogeneous physical and chemical composition, as well as not having a chemical reaction (eg water murini). While the substantive is not purely a physical or chemical mixtures or both (eg, air consists of oxygen and nitrogen).
2.3. MASS SYSTEM AND VOLUME FIXED FIXEDThermodynamic system is a collection of matter in space whose identity is fixed and limited by the system boundary. Everything that is outside the boundary line system called lingkingan. In the figure 2.1 substantive and bounded by the cylinder piston is the system. In this case the system is no substantive flow of both incoming and outgoing lines, therefore the system is called a closed system.
Closed SystemsIn the figure 2.2 is limited by substantive broken line is the system. In this case the volume bounded by broken lines remain, but the filling substantive change with time. So in this case no mass flow into and out of the system. Such systems are called open sisitm, broken line bounded volume is called volume set (volume control) and the broken line is called a surface set (control surface).
Open Systems
2.4. NATURE intensive and extensiveObjec level (state) is a complete description of the substantive existence of which can be: the pressure temperature, density, and other macroscopic scale. Macroscopic quantities are called substantive properties. Substantive nature of the properties are classified into two: intensive and extensive properties. Intensive properties do not depend on the substantive measures such as temperature, pressure and specific volume. Extensive properties depend on substantive measures such as volume and mass.
2.4. UNIT (UNIT)2.4.1.UNIT STYLEBased on Newton's laws to II which states that the force (F) is proportional to the mass (m) and acceleration (a) mass.
Unit force in Newton, then:
In the MKS system of units of the force is kgfsehingga take somewhat different definition:, Where C is a constant of proportionality so that:
It represents the unit of weight or force of gravity on one kilogram of mass. With this definition in the price of the constant C is taken equal to the standard acceleration of gravity so that the mass of 1 kilogram weight kilgram mempunyai1.Can be seen that:
In the cgs system of units of force is a dyne is the force exerted on a 1 gram mass to get acceleration 1 cm/s2. So ekivalensinya with SI are:
2.4.2.UNIT PRESSURESI unit of pressure can be derived from the definition of force per unit area. So that:, This unit is called Pascal abbreviated (Pa).Another unit of pressure in SI is a bar, where 1bar = 105 N/m2 = 0.1 MN/m2. Conversion to MKS and the British are as follows:
Can be seen also a standard atmosphere are:
Conversion of 1 atmosphere or ata techniques are:
Conversion of pressure units are:
Absolute Pressure and Pressure Gage2)3)One example is a simple pressure gauge manometer tube U.
density of manometer fluid
Pipe Manometer U2.4.3.UNIT ENERGY AND WORKUnit of energy or work obtained from the multiplication of force by the motion trajectory. In the SI unit is the Newton-meters (Nm) or Joules (J)
Converting from cgs units to Joule of work is:
Converting MKS unit of heat (kcal) obtained from the equivalence of heat into mechanical energy:
2.4.4.UNIT POWERPower in adala SI unit watt (W) is defined as the rate of work per second
Keep in mind that the units of watts of electrical power as well:
Conversion of horsepower are:Imperial:
Metrics:
Unit bias energy is obtained from the power unit:
In ImperialIn the Metrics2.4.5. UNIT enthalpyInterconnectedness enthalpy units are as follows:
2.4.6. SPECIFIC HEAT UNIT entropy and
2.4.7. REFRIGERATION UNIT CAPACITYThe standard unit is a ton of refrigeration refrigeration TR is shortened heat must be removed from 1 ton (U.S.) of water temperature 32oF to 32oF temperature to ice within 24 hours.
The figure 144 is ice freezing latent Kapor. The conversion to other units are:
Because 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ, then the conversion to the SI are:
2.5. PROCESS AND CYCLEThe process is an event that causes the state of substantive change from one state to the state level to another. Incident such as calorific intake, calorific expenditure, employment income and expenses of the system work. Changes from 1 to 2 is called a process. While the cycle is a series of multiple processes at the state level last mengmbalikan substantive outcome to the original state. Changes from 1 to 2, followed by 2 to 3 and so on up to 4 to 1 is called the cycle again.
Process and Cycle
2.6. LAW AND SCALE TO ZERO TEMPERATURE TERMOIf object A higher temperature of the object B were merged into one, then there is the flow of heat from high temperature object to a lower level. This causes changes in the nature terjdinya. At the time of equilibrium is reached (no change in the nature again) then it will be the same temperature. Law of thermodynamics states to Zero:If two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, all three are in thermal equilibrium and therefore the same temperature.
Illustration of hokum to zero thermoThe results of the legal understanding that the object C is the temperature of the thermometer is used as a comparison object A and object B. Menganbil reference thermometer scale triple point and boiling point of water.
No comments:
Post a Comment