A. DEFINITIONSSaid to be coherent if the composition of the steel elements of the alloys in particular, rather than ordinary carbon steel consisting of silisium and manganese. The more digunakan.Unsur alloy steel of the most widely used for steel alloys, which are: Cr, Mn, Si, Ni, W, Mo, Ti, Al, Cu, Nb and Zr.The addition of other elements in carbon steel can be done with one or more elements, depending on the specific characteristics or properties desired. This steel has more strength, hardness, hot hardness, wear resistance, hardenability, or toughness compared to carbon steel. However, They may require heat treatment to Achieve Such properties.
B. ATOM CONTENT OR CHEMICAL ELEMENTSAlloying elements added to achieve certain properties in the material. As a guideline, alloying elements are added in a lower percentage (less than 5%) to increase the force or violence, or in a greater percentage (more than 5%) to achieve specific properties, such as corrosion resistance or extreme temperature stability.Manganese (Mg), silicon (Si) or aluminum (Al) was added during the steel making process for removing dissolved oxygen from the melt. Manganese, silicon, nickel, and copper added to increase strength by forming a solid solution in ferrite. Chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten increase strength by forming second-phase carbides. Nickel and copper increases the corrosion resistance in small quantities. Molybdenum helps to resist embrittlement. Zirconium, cerium, and calcium increase the toughness by controlling the shape of inclusions. Manganese sulfide, lead, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium-up machine.Good alloying elements tend to form compounds or carbide. Highly soluble nickel ferrite, thus forming a compound, usually Ni 3 Al. Aluminium dissolves in ferrite and form compounds Al 2 O 3 and AlN. Silicone is also very soluble and usually form compounds SiO 2 • M x O y. Most soluble form of manganese ferrite compounds MnS, MnO • SiO 2, but will also form a carbide in the form of (Fe, Mn) 3 C. Chromium forms a partition between ferrite and carbide phases in the steel, forming the (Fe, Cr 3) C, Cr 7 C 3 and Cr 23 C 6. This type of form chromium carbides which depends on the amount of carbon and other types of alloying elements present. Tungsten and molybdenum form carbides if there is enough carbon and the absence of carbide-forming elements of a strong (ie, titanium and niobium), they form a carbide Mo 2 C and W 2 C, respectively. Vanadium, titanium, and niobium carbide strong elements that form carbides V 3 C 3, TiC, and one after the other NIC.Alloying elements also have an affect on the temperature of eutectoid steel. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature and is known as an austenite stabilizing element. Enough with these elements in the austenitic structure can be obtained at room temperature. Eutectoid carbide forming elements to raise the temperature; element is known as a ferrite stabilizing element.
C. FORM OF MICRO STRUCTURESteel generally has a microstructure of ferrite and pearlite. There are some differences in the microstructure caused by the concentration of each carbon pasa mixed-phase solid phase present in the steel:a. Ferrite (alpha): a unit cell (the arrangement of the atoms are the smallest and regular) in the form of Body Centered Cubic (BCC = cube body center), has a ferrite magnetic properties, somewhat ductile, and somewhat stronger.b. Autenit: a unit cell in the form of Face Centered Cubic (FCC = face of the cube center), austenite has a non-magnetic properties, and ductile.c. Sementid (iron carbide): a unit cell in the form orthorombik, Sementid has a hard and brittle nature.d. Perlite: a phase mixture of ferrite and sementid so as to have a strong character.e. Delta: a unit cell in the form of Body Centered Cubic (BCC = cube body center)High Speed Steel (HSS) is one part of the tool steel with hardness values kararakteristik able to maintain the temperature of 300 ~ 700 degrees centigrade. In addition to own material HSS also the relative carbon content is higher than other tool steel material which ranges from 1.5 ~ 2.0% C. The main alloying elements contained in HSS material that will form the carbide Tungsten, Molybdenum, Vanadium. Chromium. Nickel and Manganese elements is not too much to use the range 0.2 ~ 0.5%. Addition of Cobalt, Boron, Niobium is one alternative to improve the performance of HSS material. HSS material can be produced through the process of casting or powder metallurgy process. Here I show some results of the microstructure of HSS material casting process using Murakami etching with a magnification of 500X, Olympus GX51 inverted microscope Type.
B. ATOM CONTENT OR CHEMICAL ELEMENTSAlloying elements added to achieve certain properties in the material. As a guideline, alloying elements are added in a lower percentage (less than 5%) to increase the force or violence, or in a greater percentage (more than 5%) to achieve specific properties, such as corrosion resistance or extreme temperature stability.Manganese (Mg), silicon (Si) or aluminum (Al) was added during the steel making process for removing dissolved oxygen from the melt. Manganese, silicon, nickel, and copper added to increase strength by forming a solid solution in ferrite. Chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten increase strength by forming second-phase carbides. Nickel and copper increases the corrosion resistance in small quantities. Molybdenum helps to resist embrittlement. Zirconium, cerium, and calcium increase the toughness by controlling the shape of inclusions. Manganese sulfide, lead, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium-up machine.Good alloying elements tend to form compounds or carbide. Highly soluble nickel ferrite, thus forming a compound, usually Ni 3 Al. Aluminium dissolves in ferrite and form compounds Al 2 O 3 and AlN. Silicone is also very soluble and usually form compounds SiO 2 • M x O y. Most soluble form of manganese ferrite compounds MnS, MnO • SiO 2, but will also form a carbide in the form of (Fe, Mn) 3 C. Chromium forms a partition between ferrite and carbide phases in the steel, forming the (Fe, Cr 3) C, Cr 7 C 3 and Cr 23 C 6. This type of form chromium carbides which depends on the amount of carbon and other types of alloying elements present. Tungsten and molybdenum form carbides if there is enough carbon and the absence of carbide-forming elements of a strong (ie, titanium and niobium), they form a carbide Mo 2 C and W 2 C, respectively. Vanadium, titanium, and niobium carbide strong elements that form carbides V 3 C 3, TiC, and one after the other NIC.Alloying elements also have an affect on the temperature of eutectoid steel. Manganese and nickel lower the eutectoid temperature and is known as an austenite stabilizing element. Enough with these elements in the austenitic structure can be obtained at room temperature. Eutectoid carbide forming elements to raise the temperature; element is known as a ferrite stabilizing element.
C. FORM OF MICRO STRUCTURESteel generally has a microstructure of ferrite and pearlite. There are some differences in the microstructure caused by the concentration of each carbon pasa mixed-phase solid phase present in the steel:a. Ferrite (alpha): a unit cell (the arrangement of the atoms are the smallest and regular) in the form of Body Centered Cubic (BCC = cube body center), has a ferrite magnetic properties, somewhat ductile, and somewhat stronger.b. Autenit: a unit cell in the form of Face Centered Cubic (FCC = face of the cube center), austenite has a non-magnetic properties, and ductile.c. Sementid (iron carbide): a unit cell in the form orthorombik, Sementid has a hard and brittle nature.d. Perlite: a phase mixture of ferrite and sementid so as to have a strong character.e. Delta: a unit cell in the form of Body Centered Cubic (BCC = cube body center)High Speed Steel (HSS) is one part of the tool steel with hardness values kararakteristik able to maintain the temperature of 300 ~ 700 degrees centigrade. In addition to own material HSS also the relative carbon content is higher than other tool steel material which ranges from 1.5 ~ 2.0% C. The main alloying elements contained in HSS material that will form the carbide Tungsten, Molybdenum, Vanadium. Chromium. Nickel and Manganese elements is not too much to use the range 0.2 ~ 0.5%. Addition of Cobalt, Boron, Niobium is one alternative to improve the performance of HSS material. HSS material can be produced through the process of casting or powder metallurgy process. Here I show some results of the microstructure of HSS material casting process using Murakami etching with a magnification of 500X, Olympus GX51 inverted microscope Type.
MAKING WAY
Process in High KitchenThe principle of the high kitchen is the principle of reduction. In this process the substanceCarbon monoxide can absorb oxygen from the iron bonds of oxygen at high temperatures. At high temperature combustion + 18 000 C with hot air, then the resulting temperature reduction that can hold it. To avoid pembuntuan because the process is given limestone as an additive. Additional material in an acidic iron ore and base properties have otherwise given the additional material is alkaline when iron ore is acidic.Gas formed in the kitchen the next high flow out through the top and into the air heater. Slag is trickling down to protect the pig iron from the oxide by the hot air is entered, the slag is then separated.Reduction process in the high kitchen took place as follows:Carbon from the coke is burned by the reaction:
C + O2 CO2
most of the CO2 along with carbon to form a substance that was at the top of the more CO gas.
2CO C + CO
At the height of the kitchen at 300 to 800 C higher iron oxide is converted to a lower oxide by indirect reduction with CO according to the principle:
O + CO Fe + CO 2FeO
At the time of the last cargo down to the bottom and the reduction occurredindirectly according to the principle:
FeO FeO + CO + CO2
This reduction is called indirect because it is not pure carbon but rather a reduction of carbon compounds with oxygen. While the direct reduction occurs in the hottest part of the kitchen, which is directly above the pipe pengembus. This reduction takes place as follows.
FeO + C Fe + CO
CO is formed that is up to the top to hold the reduction was not immediate.Every 4 to 6 hours of high dicerat kitchen, first issued teraknya and then iron. Iron out of the kitchen is called pig iron or high iron raw material used to make steel on steel processing kitchen or poured into cast blocks sent to factories as raw material for steel making. Dicerat and poured molten iron into pig iron in the form of pig iron beams are used as materials for the manufacture of cast iron ancuran (in the kitchen dome) or still in the liquid state is moved in the manufacture of steel (kitchen Siemen Martin).Slag is high out of the kitchen can also be used to bahanpembuatan slag sand or slag wool as insulating material or as a mixture of cement. Molten iron produced from the kitchen before it is poured into the high beams as a rough besin ancuran material in the foundry plant, should be mixed in advance in the tub mixer for uniform quality and composition. A bath of molten pig iron mixer collected from a variety of high existing kitchen to get the same molten pig iron and evenly. To produce pig iron which contains a little sulfur in the mixing tub is heated again by using high gas kitchen.
Steel Smelting Process
On Figures 3 and 4 show the steel melting process using raw materials of crude iron (pig iron) or in the form of sponge iron (sponge iron). Disampin the other raw materials are usually used is scrap steel and additive materials such as ferrosilicon ingot, feromangan and limestone. Melting process can be performed on the furnace BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) or in an electric arc furnace (Electric Arc Furnace EAF or abbreviated). Regardless of the furnace or process that is applied, the steel melting process generally has three main objectives, namely: minimizing the impurity material minimizing the impurity materials. regulate carbon content to match the grade level / specification of the desired steel. adding alloying elements as desired.
Melting Steel With BOF process
This process includes the most recent industry preformancemanufacture of steel. Sketch drawings of this furnace is shown in figure 7. It appears that the image is that the BOF is relatively simple construction, the exterior is made of steel plate while the interior walls are made of refractory brick (firebrick). This BOF capacity usually varies between 35 tons to 200 tons.
The main materials used in the smelting process with BOF are: liquid pig iron (65-85%), scrap steel (15-35%), limestone and oxygen gas (purity 99.5%). BOF process advantages compared to other steel-making process is in terms of a relatively short time peleburannya is only around about 60 minutes for each of the melting process.
Such a high level of efficiency of BOF gas is caused by the use of high purity oxygen as the primary oxidizing gas to purify the steel. Oxygen gas flowed into the furnace through a diverter pipe (oxygen lance) and react with the liquid metal in the furnace. Oxygen gas will bind carbon from pig iron decreased gradually until it reaches a level that is made of steel. In addition, during the oxidation process takes place there is a high heat so it can raise the temperature of the molten metal to above 1650 oC.
At the time of oxidation takes place, into the furnace the limestone added. Limestone is then melted and mixed with impurity materials (including materials that are oxidized) form a slag that floats above the molten steel.
When the oxidation process is complete then the oxygen flow was stopped and oxygen diverter pipe lifted / removed from the furnace. BOF furnace is tilted and then the specimen taken from the molten steel to do the analysis of chemical composition.
When the chemical composition has been achieved then done casting (tapping). Casting is done when the temperature of liquid steel around 1600 oC. Casting is done by tilting it slowly so that the liquid steel to be poured into the ladle. In the skimming ladle is usually done to clean the slag from the surface of molten steel and molten metal treatment processes (metal treatment). Metal treatment consists of reducing the impurity and the addition of alloying elements or the other with a view to improving the quality of molten steel before it is poured into the mold.
With EAF Steel Smelting Process
The EAF melting process uses electrical energy. Furnace construction is shown in Figure 8. The heat generated from electric arc occurring at the lower end of the electrode. Heat energy that occurs depends on the distance between the electrodes with metal in the furnace charge. Electrode materials are usually made of carbon or graphite. EAF furnace capacity can range between 2-200 tonnes with peleburannya time ranged from 3-6 hours.
Raw materials are usually smelted iron sponge (sponge iron) is mixed with steel scrap. The use of sponge iron is intended to produce better quality steel. But in many cases (especially for the consideration of the cost) of materialsraw form of steel scrap is melted entirely, because scrap steel cheaper than iron sponge. Besides the above materials, as well as the BOF process, other ingredients are added to the EAF is the stone lime, ferrosilicon, feromangan, and others with the same intent as well.
The process of alkaline and acid can be applied in the EAF. For the manufacture of cast steel in the form of a product is usually used acid process, while for the manufacture of special steels commonly used alkaline process.
Smelting steel by EAF steel can produce a better quality because it does not happen contamination by fuel or gas used for process heating.
Process in High KitchenThe principle of the high kitchen is the principle of reduction. In this process the substanceCarbon monoxide can absorb oxygen from the iron bonds of oxygen at high temperatures. At high temperature combustion + 18 000 C with hot air, then the resulting temperature reduction that can hold it. To avoid pembuntuan because the process is given limestone as an additive. Additional material in an acidic iron ore and base properties have otherwise given the additional material is alkaline when iron ore is acidic.Gas formed in the kitchen the next high flow out through the top and into the air heater. Slag is trickling down to protect the pig iron from the oxide by the hot air is entered, the slag is then separated.Reduction process in the high kitchen took place as follows:Carbon from the coke is burned by the reaction:
C + O2 CO2
most of the CO2 along with carbon to form a substance that was at the top of the more CO gas.
2CO C + CO
At the height of the kitchen at 300 to 800 C higher iron oxide is converted to a lower oxide by indirect reduction with CO according to the principle:
O + CO Fe + CO 2FeO
At the time of the last cargo down to the bottom and the reduction occurredindirectly according to the principle:
FeO FeO + CO + CO2
This reduction is called indirect because it is not pure carbon but rather a reduction of carbon compounds with oxygen. While the direct reduction occurs in the hottest part of the kitchen, which is directly above the pipe pengembus. This reduction takes place as follows.
FeO + C Fe + CO
CO is formed that is up to the top to hold the reduction was not immediate.Every 4 to 6 hours of high dicerat kitchen, first issued teraknya and then iron. Iron out of the kitchen is called pig iron or high iron raw material used to make steel on steel processing kitchen or poured into cast blocks sent to factories as raw material for steel making. Dicerat and poured molten iron into pig iron in the form of pig iron beams are used as materials for the manufacture of cast iron ancuran (in the kitchen dome) or still in the liquid state is moved in the manufacture of steel (kitchen Siemen Martin).Slag is high out of the kitchen can also be used to bahanpembuatan slag sand or slag wool as insulating material or as a mixture of cement. Molten iron produced from the kitchen before it is poured into the high beams as a rough besin ancuran material in the foundry plant, should be mixed in advance in the tub mixer for uniform quality and composition. A bath of molten pig iron mixer collected from a variety of high existing kitchen to get the same molten pig iron and evenly. To produce pig iron which contains a little sulfur in the mixing tub is heated again by using high gas kitchen.
Steel Smelting Process
On Figures 3 and 4 show the steel melting process using raw materials of crude iron (pig iron) or in the form of sponge iron (sponge iron). Disampin the other raw materials are usually used is scrap steel and additive materials such as ferrosilicon ingot, feromangan and limestone. Melting process can be performed on the furnace BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) or in an electric arc furnace (Electric Arc Furnace EAF or abbreviated). Regardless of the furnace or process that is applied, the steel melting process generally has three main objectives, namely: minimizing the impurity material minimizing the impurity materials. regulate carbon content to match the grade level / specification of the desired steel. adding alloying elements as desired.
Melting Steel With BOF process
This process includes the most recent industry preformancemanufacture of steel. Sketch drawings of this furnace is shown in figure 7. It appears that the image is that the BOF is relatively simple construction, the exterior is made of steel plate while the interior walls are made of refractory brick (firebrick). This BOF capacity usually varies between 35 tons to 200 tons.
The main materials used in the smelting process with BOF are: liquid pig iron (65-85%), scrap steel (15-35%), limestone and oxygen gas (purity 99.5%). BOF process advantages compared to other steel-making process is in terms of a relatively short time peleburannya is only around about 60 minutes for each of the melting process.
Such a high level of efficiency of BOF gas is caused by the use of high purity oxygen as the primary oxidizing gas to purify the steel. Oxygen gas flowed into the furnace through a diverter pipe (oxygen lance) and react with the liquid metal in the furnace. Oxygen gas will bind carbon from pig iron decreased gradually until it reaches a level that is made of steel. In addition, during the oxidation process takes place there is a high heat so it can raise the temperature of the molten metal to above 1650 oC.
At the time of oxidation takes place, into the furnace the limestone added. Limestone is then melted and mixed with impurity materials (including materials that are oxidized) form a slag that floats above the molten steel.
When the oxidation process is complete then the oxygen flow was stopped and oxygen diverter pipe lifted / removed from the furnace. BOF furnace is tilted and then the specimen taken from the molten steel to do the analysis of chemical composition.
When the chemical composition has been achieved then done casting (tapping). Casting is done when the temperature of liquid steel around 1600 oC. Casting is done by tilting it slowly so that the liquid steel to be poured into the ladle. In the skimming ladle is usually done to clean the slag from the surface of molten steel and molten metal treatment processes (metal treatment). Metal treatment consists of reducing the impurity and the addition of alloying elements or the other with a view to improving the quality of molten steel before it is poured into the mold.
With EAF Steel Smelting Process
The EAF melting process uses electrical energy. Furnace construction is shown in Figure 8. The heat generated from electric arc occurring at the lower end of the electrode. Heat energy that occurs depends on the distance between the electrodes with metal in the furnace charge. Electrode materials are usually made of carbon or graphite. EAF furnace capacity can range between 2-200 tonnes with peleburannya time ranged from 3-6 hours.
Raw materials are usually smelted iron sponge (sponge iron) is mixed with steel scrap. The use of sponge iron is intended to produce better quality steel. But in many cases (especially for the consideration of the cost) of materialsraw form of steel scrap is melted entirely, because scrap steel cheaper than iron sponge. Besides the above materials, as well as the BOF process, other ingredients are added to the EAF is the stone lime, ferrosilicon, feromangan, and others with the same intent as well.
The process of alkaline and acid can be applied in the EAF. For the manufacture of cast steel in the form of a product is usually used acid process, while for the manufacture of special steels commonly used alkaline process.
Smelting steel by EAF steel can produce a better quality because it does not happen contamination by fuel or gas used for process heating.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEEL
A. Based on the percentage of alloysa. Low alloy steelWhen the number of additional elements other than carbon is less than 8% (by DeGarmo. Other sources, such as Smith and Hashemi say 4%), for example: a steel consisting of 1.35% C; 0.35% Si, 0.5% Mn ; 0.03% P: 0.03% S: 0.75% Cr; 4.5% W [In this case 6.06% <8%]>b. High alloy steelWhen the number of additional elements other than karban greater than or equal to 8% (or 4% by Smith and Hashemi), for example: steel HSS (High Speed Steel) or SKH 53 (JIS) or M3-1 (AISI) has a content element: 1 , 25% C: 4.5% Cr: 6.2% Mo; 6.7% W; 3.3% V.Another source said:a. Low alloy steel (low alloy steel), if the element alloys ≤ 2.5%b. Medium alloy steel (steel alloy is), if the element alloys from 2.5 to 10%c. High alloy steel (high-alloy steel), if the element alloys> 10%
2. Based on the number of components:a. Steel three componentsConsists of the addition of alloying elements Fe and C.b. Steel four or more componentsConsists of two or more alloying elements in the addition of Fe and C. For example, steel alloy comprising: 0.35% C, 1% Cr, 3% Ni and 1% Mo.
3. Based on its structure:a. Baja pearlit (sorbit and troostit)Alloying elements is relatively small maximum of 5% is capable of machined steel, increasing its mechanical properties by heat treatment (hardening and tempering)b. Martensitic steelPemadunya elements of more than 5%, very hard and difficult machinedc. Austenitic steelConsists of 10-30% of certain alloying elements (Ni, Mn or CO) For example: Stainless steel (Stainless steel), nonmagnetic and heat resistant steel (heat resistant steel).d. Ferrite steelsConsists of a large number of alloying elements (Cr, W or Si) but low carbon. Can not be hardened.e. Carbide or ledeburitComprised a number of carbon and carbide-forming elements (Cr, W, Mn, Ti, Zr).
4. Based on the use and propertiesa. Construction steel (structural steel)Differentiated into three groups depending on the percentage of pemadunya elements, namely a low alloy steel (maximum 2%), medium-alloy steel (2-5%), high alloy steels (more than 5%). Post-heat treatment of steel in this type of mechanical properties are better than ordinary carbon steel.b. Tool steel (tool steel)Used for cutting tools, depending on the material composition and thickness objects are cut / cut, cutting speed, the working temperature. Steel alloy of this type are distinguished into two categories, namely low alloy tool steel (hardness did not change until the temperature of 250 ° C) and high alloy tool steel (hardness did not change until the temperature of 600 ° C). Usually consisted of 0.8% C, 18% W, 4% Cr, and 1% V, or consists of 0.9% C, 9 W, 4% Cr and 2-2.5% V.c. Steels with special physical propertiesDistinguished into three categories, namely stainless steel (containing 0.1 to 0.45% C and 12-14% Cr), heat-resistant steel (containing 12-14% Cr-resistant up to temperatures of 750-800oC, while containing 15-17% Cr-resistant up to temperatures of 850-1000oC), and wear resistant steel at high temperature (some are composed of 23-27% Cr, 18-21% Ni, 2-3% Si, there are composed of 13-15 % Cr, 13-15% Ni, the other consisting of 2 to 2.7% W, 0.25 to 0.4% Mo, 0.4 to 0.5% C).d. Special alloy steelOr other special alloy steel comprising 35-44% Ni and 0.35% C, has a low coefficient of expansion, namely:• Invar: expansion coefficient equal to zero at a temperature of 0-100 ° C, used for precision measuring instruments.• Platinite: having a coefficient of expansion as glass, as a substitute for platinum.• Elinvar: to have modulus elastisitet unchanged at 50 ° C to 100 ° C. Used for watch springs and a variety of physics measurement tools.e. Steel Alloys with Special Properties• Stainless Steel (Stainless Steel)Nature include:- Has a good resistance to heat, corrosion and scratches / friction- Low and high temperature resistant- Have a great power with a small mass- Hard, tough, great density and wear resistant surface- Resistant to oxidation- Strong and can be forged- Easy to clean- Sleek and attractive looks• High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA)Properties of the HSLA is to have a high tensile strength, leak-proof, resistant to abrasion, malleable, corrosion resistant, resilient, able to machine a good nature and high weldability properties (weldability). To obtain the above properties of the steel is processed in a special by adding elements such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (Va) and columbium.• Tool Steel (Tool Steel)The properties to be possessed by the tool steels are wear resistant, crisp or easily sharpened, heat resistant, strong and resilient. Group of tool steel by alloying elements and process of the heat given include:- Later hardening or carbon tool steel (marked with the type W by AISI), Shock resisting (Type S), are strong and resilient and resistant to shock loads and repeat loading. Widely used for chisels, hammers and knives.- Cool work tool steel, obtained by the process of hardening by cooling different. Type O is explained by cooling the oil while the type A and D is cooled in the air.- Hot Work Steel (type H), were first heated to (300-500) ° C and cooled slowly, because this steel contains tungsten and molybdenum that are hard.- High speed steel (type T and M), is the result of alloy steel with tungsten and molybdenum without softened. By their very nature are not easily dulled and heat resistant but can not stand the shock.- The mixture of carbon-tungsten (type F), its nature is hard but not resistant to wear and are not suitable for dynamic loads and for use at high temperatures.5. Other classifications include:a. According to its use:• Steel construction (structural steel), containing less than 0.7% carbon C.• tool steel (tool steel), containing more than 0.7% carbon C.b. Steels with special physical and chemical properties:• salt-resistant steel (acid-resisting steel)• heat-resistant steel (heat resistant steel)• Steel without scales (non-scaling steel)• Electric steel• Magnetic steel• Non-magnetic steel• wear resistant steel (wear resisting steel)• Stainless steel / corrosionc. By combining the two classifications of steel according to the utility and chemical composition of the obtained five steel groups, namely:• Carbon steel construction (structural carbon steel)• Carbon steel tools (carbon tool steel)• Steel construction alloy (alloyed structural steel)• alloy tool steel (alloyed tool steel)• construction of high alloy steel (alloy structural steel Highly)d. Furthermore according to the quality of steel is also diklasifisikan:• Steel common quality• good quality of Steel• high quality steel
B. TECHNICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIESa) Mechanical properties of Alloy SteelAlloy steel is a mixture of steel and some other metals in order to improve the properties of steel are relatively easy Karon rusty and brittle when high carbon content. Furthermore, the addition of alloying elements are also aiming to improve the mechanical properties such as:
• StrengthStrength is the ability of a material to resist deformation under pressure. The addition of metals (Ni, Cr, Molybdenum) with suitable composition will increase the strength of steel, for Ni and Cr are added will go to the arrangement of atoms and how atoms replace C. The addition can increase the power of up to five times.• ElasisitasElasticity is the ability of a material for pushing back into shape after loading waived or released. Modulus of elasticity is an indicator of the elastic properties. The addition of metal to the steel will increase the ability of the elasticity modulus of elasticity with a value greater than ever. Here are some of the metal and the modulus of elasticity when added to steel:• Limit elongation (plasticity)Plasticity is the ability of a material form untukberubah permanently after being given a load. Metals were added in the form of nickel, vanadium, titanium, tungsten, chrome, etc. will increase the value of elastic limit. This is due to the addition of a metal that has a high elastic limit steel alloy that will produce high limit her mouth anyway.• Pull StrengthTensile strength is the ability of a material to resist the pull of two opposing forces and the line direction. Metals Ni and Cr are the usual ingredients to enhance the capability of holding ditambahankan tariakan, other than as an addition to kekutan press.• PersistenceDuctility is the ability of a material to be permanently stretched or bent without causing rupture or fracture. Steels with low carbon content has a high ductility, so that with other metal alloy carbon levels will drop. In addition, the content of phosphorus in low alloy steels will increase tenacity.• Hold AusIs resistant to wear. Metal alloys that are used to enhance the ability of such a wear resistant nickel, chrome, and vanadium.
The main effects of major alloying elements to steelPercentage of main function elementAluminum0.95-1. Alloying element in nitriding steel
Bismuth--- Increase the engineBoron0001-0003 Powerful hardenability agentChromium0.5-2 Up hardenabilityCorrosion Resistant 4-18Copper0.1-0.4 Corrosion Resistant
Molybdenum0.2-5 stable carbides; inhibit grain growthNickel2-5 Toughener ToughenerCorrosion Resistant 12-20SiliconIncrease the power of 0.2-0.72 Spring SteelImproving the high percentage of the magnetic propertiesSulfur0:08 to 0:15 free machine propertiesTitanium- Improvement of carbon in inert particles; reduce violence in chromium martensitic steelTungsten- Violence at high temperaturesVanadium0:15 Stable carbide; increase strength while maintaining ductility; promote a fine grain structure
Stress and strain curve of the image (AISI 4140 alloy steel)
b) Nature of Environmental EffectsCorrosion is an electrochemical process that occurs in the metal and can not be avoided because it is a natural process. Various factors that could cause corrosion, namely: metallic properties, which include potential differences, impurities, alloying elements, heat treatment is experienced, and voltage, as well as environmental factors including air temperature, microorganisms. Alloy steel will have a resistance to corrosion when mixed with copper in the range 0.5 to 1.5% copper from 99.95 to 99.85% Fe, with Chromium, or mixed with nickel.
Alloy steel resistant to temperature changes, this means fisisnya nature has not changed much.• The addition of steel Molybdenum will fix a temperature-resistant, tough and strong• The addition of Tungsten and Cobalt addition also gives the same effect as the addition of Molybdenum steel alloy that is made resistant to high temperatures
C. EXAMPLE OF USE / APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The use of steel alloys in many fields of agricultural engineering or mechanical engineering for the steel alloy has distinct advantages in accordance with the mixed type of metal used.The use of steel alloys in the field of Teknika is plastic shredder. On this machine the use of alloy steel are on the knife blade that makes it easy to grind and are easily replaced when worn, valve castings, wire made of carbon steel, frame machine threshers, gear on a milling machine, tapping tools, pipe, and there are many more tools or machines that use carbon steel.
Plastic crusher tool Carbon Steel Wire
Paddy thresher engine valve Newspapers
Gear Pipe Tap
D. STANDARDIZATION AND CODINGSteel and has an encoding standard that is in many maca from America to Japan also encodes the type of steel. The types of codes are AISI (American Iron Steel Institute), SAE (Society for Automotive Engineering), UNS (Unified Numbering System), ASTM (American Standard for Testing and Materials), JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung), ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), CEN (Committee European de normalization), ISO (International Standardization Organization), and the Association française de normalization (AFNOR).Standardization for coding SAE has a way of writing the following:
For the first two digits in the designation indicates the main alloying (s) of steel. The next two numbers in the designation indicates the amount of carbon in steel. Each of the other metallic elements have the numbers that fill the first digit of the code, namely:
Carbon steel:• The first digit is "1" as in 10xx, 11xx, and 12xx• The second digit describes the process: "1" is resulfurized and "2" is resulfurized and rephosphorized.Manganese steel:• The first digit is "1" as in 13xx and, indeed, carbon steel. However, because manganese is a normal product made of carbon steel AISI / SAE has decided not to classify as a steel alloy.• The second digit is always "3"Molybdenum steel:• The first digit is "4" as in 40xx and 44xx.• The second number refers the percentage of molybdenum in steel.Chromium steels:• The first digit is "5" as in 51xx and 52xx• The second number refers the percentage of chromium in steel.Alloy steel more than one element:• Steel is an alloy containing three• The first digit to "4", "8", or "9" depending on the alloy dominant• The second digit percentage point reaming two alloys.Data encoding alloy steel as follows:SAE Code Composition1.75% Mn 13xx40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0042% S41xxCr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, 0.25% Mo44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%46XX Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%47xx Ni 1.05%, 0.45% Cr, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%48xx Ni 3.50%, 0.25% MoCr 50xx 12:27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min51Bxx 0.80% Cr52xxx Cr 1:45%, C 1.00% min61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min86xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.20% Mo87xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.25% Mo88xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.35% MoThe 92xx 1:40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
E. SHAPE, SIZE, AND THERE IN THE MARKET PRICEForm size / shape PriceNuts and Bolts 10 USD 100012 Rp125014 Rp1500Hammer Rp 21.000Scissors Rp 27.500
Gear & Chain Rp 120.000 1 SetScrewdriver Rp 15,000 - Rp 55 000Tang Cut Rp 13,0000.5-inch pipe length of 6 m Rp 150,0002 inches Rp 550.000Padlock 20 mm Rp 8,00030 mm Rp 12,00035 mm $ 20,0003-inch vise Rp 100,0008 inches Rp 750,000
A. Based on the percentage of alloysa. Low alloy steelWhen the number of additional elements other than carbon is less than 8% (by DeGarmo. Other sources, such as Smith and Hashemi say 4%), for example: a steel consisting of 1.35% C; 0.35% Si, 0.5% Mn ; 0.03% P: 0.03% S: 0.75% Cr; 4.5% W [In this case 6.06% <8%]>b. High alloy steelWhen the number of additional elements other than karban greater than or equal to 8% (or 4% by Smith and Hashemi), for example: steel HSS (High Speed Steel) or SKH 53 (JIS) or M3-1 (AISI) has a content element: 1 , 25% C: 4.5% Cr: 6.2% Mo; 6.7% W; 3.3% V.Another source said:a. Low alloy steel (low alloy steel), if the element alloys ≤ 2.5%b. Medium alloy steel (steel alloy is), if the element alloys from 2.5 to 10%c. High alloy steel (high-alloy steel), if the element alloys> 10%
2. Based on the number of components:a. Steel three componentsConsists of the addition of alloying elements Fe and C.b. Steel four or more componentsConsists of two or more alloying elements in the addition of Fe and C. For example, steel alloy comprising: 0.35% C, 1% Cr, 3% Ni and 1% Mo.
3. Based on its structure:a. Baja pearlit (sorbit and troostit)Alloying elements is relatively small maximum of 5% is capable of machined steel, increasing its mechanical properties by heat treatment (hardening and tempering)b. Martensitic steelPemadunya elements of more than 5%, very hard and difficult machinedc. Austenitic steelConsists of 10-30% of certain alloying elements (Ni, Mn or CO) For example: Stainless steel (Stainless steel), nonmagnetic and heat resistant steel (heat resistant steel).d. Ferrite steelsConsists of a large number of alloying elements (Cr, W or Si) but low carbon. Can not be hardened.e. Carbide or ledeburitComprised a number of carbon and carbide-forming elements (Cr, W, Mn, Ti, Zr).
4. Based on the use and propertiesa. Construction steel (structural steel)Differentiated into three groups depending on the percentage of pemadunya elements, namely a low alloy steel (maximum 2%), medium-alloy steel (2-5%), high alloy steels (more than 5%). Post-heat treatment of steel in this type of mechanical properties are better than ordinary carbon steel.b. Tool steel (tool steel)Used for cutting tools, depending on the material composition and thickness objects are cut / cut, cutting speed, the working temperature. Steel alloy of this type are distinguished into two categories, namely low alloy tool steel (hardness did not change until the temperature of 250 ° C) and high alloy tool steel (hardness did not change until the temperature of 600 ° C). Usually consisted of 0.8% C, 18% W, 4% Cr, and 1% V, or consists of 0.9% C, 9 W, 4% Cr and 2-2.5% V.c. Steels with special physical propertiesDistinguished into three categories, namely stainless steel (containing 0.1 to 0.45% C and 12-14% Cr), heat-resistant steel (containing 12-14% Cr-resistant up to temperatures of 750-800oC, while containing 15-17% Cr-resistant up to temperatures of 850-1000oC), and wear resistant steel at high temperature (some are composed of 23-27% Cr, 18-21% Ni, 2-3% Si, there are composed of 13-15 % Cr, 13-15% Ni, the other consisting of 2 to 2.7% W, 0.25 to 0.4% Mo, 0.4 to 0.5% C).d. Special alloy steelOr other special alloy steel comprising 35-44% Ni and 0.35% C, has a low coefficient of expansion, namely:• Invar: expansion coefficient equal to zero at a temperature of 0-100 ° C, used for precision measuring instruments.• Platinite: having a coefficient of expansion as glass, as a substitute for platinum.• Elinvar: to have modulus elastisitet unchanged at 50 ° C to 100 ° C. Used for watch springs and a variety of physics measurement tools.e. Steel Alloys with Special Properties• Stainless Steel (Stainless Steel)Nature include:- Has a good resistance to heat, corrosion and scratches / friction- Low and high temperature resistant- Have a great power with a small mass- Hard, tough, great density and wear resistant surface- Resistant to oxidation- Strong and can be forged- Easy to clean- Sleek and attractive looks• High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA)Properties of the HSLA is to have a high tensile strength, leak-proof, resistant to abrasion, malleable, corrosion resistant, resilient, able to machine a good nature and high weldability properties (weldability). To obtain the above properties of the steel is processed in a special by adding elements such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (Va) and columbium.• Tool Steel (Tool Steel)The properties to be possessed by the tool steels are wear resistant, crisp or easily sharpened, heat resistant, strong and resilient. Group of tool steel by alloying elements and process of the heat given include:- Later hardening or carbon tool steel (marked with the type W by AISI), Shock resisting (Type S), are strong and resilient and resistant to shock loads and repeat loading. Widely used for chisels, hammers and knives.- Cool work tool steel, obtained by the process of hardening by cooling different. Type O is explained by cooling the oil while the type A and D is cooled in the air.- Hot Work Steel (type H), were first heated to (300-500) ° C and cooled slowly, because this steel contains tungsten and molybdenum that are hard.- High speed steel (type T and M), is the result of alloy steel with tungsten and molybdenum without softened. By their very nature are not easily dulled and heat resistant but can not stand the shock.- The mixture of carbon-tungsten (type F), its nature is hard but not resistant to wear and are not suitable for dynamic loads and for use at high temperatures.5. Other classifications include:a. According to its use:• Steel construction (structural steel), containing less than 0.7% carbon C.• tool steel (tool steel), containing more than 0.7% carbon C.b. Steels with special physical and chemical properties:• salt-resistant steel (acid-resisting steel)• heat-resistant steel (heat resistant steel)• Steel without scales (non-scaling steel)• Electric steel• Magnetic steel• Non-magnetic steel• wear resistant steel (wear resisting steel)• Stainless steel / corrosionc. By combining the two classifications of steel according to the utility and chemical composition of the obtained five steel groups, namely:• Carbon steel construction (structural carbon steel)• Carbon steel tools (carbon tool steel)• Steel construction alloy (alloyed structural steel)• alloy tool steel (alloyed tool steel)• construction of high alloy steel (alloy structural steel Highly)d. Furthermore according to the quality of steel is also diklasifisikan:• Steel common quality• good quality of Steel• high quality steel
B. TECHNICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIESa) Mechanical properties of Alloy SteelAlloy steel is a mixture of steel and some other metals in order to improve the properties of steel are relatively easy Karon rusty and brittle when high carbon content. Furthermore, the addition of alloying elements are also aiming to improve the mechanical properties such as:
• StrengthStrength is the ability of a material to resist deformation under pressure. The addition of metals (Ni, Cr, Molybdenum) with suitable composition will increase the strength of steel, for Ni and Cr are added will go to the arrangement of atoms and how atoms replace C. The addition can increase the power of up to five times.• ElasisitasElasticity is the ability of a material for pushing back into shape after loading waived or released. Modulus of elasticity is an indicator of the elastic properties. The addition of metal to the steel will increase the ability of the elasticity modulus of elasticity with a value greater than ever. Here are some of the metal and the modulus of elasticity when added to steel:• Limit elongation (plasticity)Plasticity is the ability of a material form untukberubah permanently after being given a load. Metals were added in the form of nickel, vanadium, titanium, tungsten, chrome, etc. will increase the value of elastic limit. This is due to the addition of a metal that has a high elastic limit steel alloy that will produce high limit her mouth anyway.• Pull StrengthTensile strength is the ability of a material to resist the pull of two opposing forces and the line direction. Metals Ni and Cr are the usual ingredients to enhance the capability of holding ditambahankan tariakan, other than as an addition to kekutan press.• PersistenceDuctility is the ability of a material to be permanently stretched or bent without causing rupture or fracture. Steels with low carbon content has a high ductility, so that with other metal alloy carbon levels will drop. In addition, the content of phosphorus in low alloy steels will increase tenacity.• Hold AusIs resistant to wear. Metal alloys that are used to enhance the ability of such a wear resistant nickel, chrome, and vanadium.
The main effects of major alloying elements to steelPercentage of main function elementAluminum0.95-1. Alloying element in nitriding steel
Bismuth--- Increase the engineBoron0001-0003 Powerful hardenability agentChromium0.5-2 Up hardenabilityCorrosion Resistant 4-18Copper0.1-0.4 Corrosion Resistant
Molybdenum0.2-5 stable carbides; inhibit grain growthNickel2-5 Toughener ToughenerCorrosion Resistant 12-20SiliconIncrease the power of 0.2-0.72 Spring SteelImproving the high percentage of the magnetic propertiesSulfur0:08 to 0:15 free machine propertiesTitanium- Improvement of carbon in inert particles; reduce violence in chromium martensitic steelTungsten- Violence at high temperaturesVanadium0:15 Stable carbide; increase strength while maintaining ductility; promote a fine grain structure
Stress and strain curve of the image (AISI 4140 alloy steel)
b) Nature of Environmental EffectsCorrosion is an electrochemical process that occurs in the metal and can not be avoided because it is a natural process. Various factors that could cause corrosion, namely: metallic properties, which include potential differences, impurities, alloying elements, heat treatment is experienced, and voltage, as well as environmental factors including air temperature, microorganisms. Alloy steel will have a resistance to corrosion when mixed with copper in the range 0.5 to 1.5% copper from 99.95 to 99.85% Fe, with Chromium, or mixed with nickel.
Alloy steel resistant to temperature changes, this means fisisnya nature has not changed much.• The addition of steel Molybdenum will fix a temperature-resistant, tough and strong• The addition of Tungsten and Cobalt addition also gives the same effect as the addition of Molybdenum steel alloy that is made resistant to high temperatures
C. EXAMPLE OF USE / APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
The use of steel alloys in many fields of agricultural engineering or mechanical engineering for the steel alloy has distinct advantages in accordance with the mixed type of metal used.The use of steel alloys in the field of Teknika is plastic shredder. On this machine the use of alloy steel are on the knife blade that makes it easy to grind and are easily replaced when worn, valve castings, wire made of carbon steel, frame machine threshers, gear on a milling machine, tapping tools, pipe, and there are many more tools or machines that use carbon steel.
Plastic crusher tool Carbon Steel Wire
Paddy thresher engine valve Newspapers
Gear Pipe Tap
D. STANDARDIZATION AND CODINGSteel and has an encoding standard that is in many maca from America to Japan also encodes the type of steel. The types of codes are AISI (American Iron Steel Institute), SAE (Society for Automotive Engineering), UNS (Unified Numbering System), ASTM (American Standard for Testing and Materials), JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard), DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung), ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), CEN (Committee European de normalization), ISO (International Standardization Organization), and the Association française de normalization (AFNOR).Standardization for coding SAE has a way of writing the following:
For the first two digits in the designation indicates the main alloying (s) of steel. The next two numbers in the designation indicates the amount of carbon in steel. Each of the other metallic elements have the numbers that fill the first digit of the code, namely:
Carbon steel:• The first digit is "1" as in 10xx, 11xx, and 12xx• The second digit describes the process: "1" is resulfurized and "2" is resulfurized and rephosphorized.Manganese steel:• The first digit is "1" as in 13xx and, indeed, carbon steel. However, because manganese is a normal product made of carbon steel AISI / SAE has decided not to classify as a steel alloy.• The second digit is always "3"Molybdenum steel:• The first digit is "4" as in 40xx and 44xx.• The second number refers the percentage of molybdenum in steel.Chromium steels:• The first digit is "5" as in 51xx and 52xx• The second number refers the percentage of chromium in steel.Alloy steel more than one element:• Steel is an alloy containing three• The first digit to "4", "8", or "9" depending on the alloy dominant• The second digit percentage point reaming two alloys.Data encoding alloy steel as follows:SAE Code Composition1.75% Mn 13xx40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0042% S41xxCr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, 0.25% Mo44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%46XX Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%47xx Ni 1.05%, 0.45% Cr, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%48xx Ni 3.50%, 0.25% MoCr 50xx 12:27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min51Bxx 0.80% Cr52xxx Cr 1:45%, C 1.00% min61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min86xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.20% Mo87xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.25% Mo88xx Ni 0.55%, 0.50% Cr, 0.35% MoThe 92xx 1:40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
E. SHAPE, SIZE, AND THERE IN THE MARKET PRICEForm size / shape PriceNuts and Bolts 10 USD 100012 Rp125014 Rp1500Hammer Rp 21.000Scissors Rp 27.500
Gear & Chain Rp 120.000 1 SetScrewdriver Rp 15,000 - Rp 55 000Tang Cut Rp 13,0000.5-inch pipe length of 6 m Rp 150,0002 inches Rp 550.000Padlock 20 mm Rp 8,00030 mm Rp 12,00035 mm $ 20,0003-inch vise Rp 100,0008 inches Rp 750,000
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