Hammer (Hammer)Hammer is a hand tool that has been a long time and found people have long been used in workshops in all the work activities of mankind. Size is determined by the weight of the hammer head of hammer, a hammer 250 gr, 500 gr, 1000 gr and even a hammer with a weight of 10 kg. Thus the use of hammers varies according to the type of work activity.Can be divided into two types, namely hammer hammer hammer hard and soft. Hard hammer hammer head is made of steel with carbon content of about 0.6%. The manufacturing process is by way of forged and then hardened on the surface to be hard. The use of hammers hard on the workshop bench or workshop as a hitter on the machine is working to cut with a chisel, cold forging, the work of assembling / assembling, bend the workpiece, making the sign and the work of another beating.
Hard hammerHard hammer types commonly used in the workshop bench and work hard the engine is a type of hammer is a hammer bun (Ball Pein hammer), hammer pen direction (straight peen hammer), hammer pen and transverse (cross peen hammer).
Usefulness of Each Part Of The Hard Hammer
- Head of StoneThe surface of the stone head is used as the basis for the beating of the workpiece. The third type of hammer use hammer surface is the same
- KondeIn the hammer bun, bun function is to form a curve or to pengelingan.
- Pen UnidirectionalPen pen in the direction of the direction of the hammer used to flatten the connection to the work plate, and tighten the corners of which were located in the direction.
- Pen AcrossPen pen transversely across the hammer is used to close up the sides or corners are located transversely.
- Holders of the hammer / hammer shaftHolder serves as a hammer is a hammer head holder so that the moment the beating that resulted to be larger. Material for the hammer handle is of hard material, so it is not easily broken.
Soft hammerCalled soft mallet, because the surface of the hammer head is made of soft materials such as plastics, rubber, wood, copper, lead, and leather. Soft hammer is usually used as an aid in the installation work on a milling machine the workpiece, the workpiece scrap and assemble at the assembly shop. In addition, it is also widely used in workshops plates, electrical repair shop and pipe shop. Not all of his head made of soft material, but the soft surface of the head of it all. For example, a plastic hammer the head part made of metal, then the surface is made of plastic, so that when the plastic is damaged can be replaced with new ones. Soft hammer made from wood, all the parts are made of wood.
Vise (Vise)
Vise serves to clamp the workpiece firmly and correctly, it means clamping the vise should not damage the workpiece. Thus the vise must be stronger than the workpiece is pinned. To generate a strong clamping the vise on the mouth / jaw berigi steel paired so that the workpiece can be clamped firmly. Vise jaws are actuated by threaded rods attached to the screw home. When the threaded rod is moved / rotated clockwise, then the vise jaws will close, but when rotated counter-clockwise will open the vise jaws.
Vise
Vise mounting on work table height should be adjusted to the workers that will work. As a rule when the vise is mounted on a workbench, vise the mouth should be a high elbow from working in a standing position perfectly.
Installation of high-vise the Board
The workpiece clamping surface of the workpiece is not expected to be damaged or deformed due to jaw vise jaws. To overcome this, then at the time of clamping the work piece vise with the vise jaws should be coated with the coating. The coatings are made of soft materials such as mild steel, copper plate, solid rubber and a thick zinc plates.
Coatings vise jaws
Vise screw shaft and the house should always be checked from the lubrication process. On the left vise jaw should always be closed. Vise is not a basis that is not allowed to do the beating of the workpiece with a vise as a foundation.The things that need to be monitored or bullet followed in the vise clamping the work piece is as follows:- Use the vise jaws to prevent coating of the workpiece so as not to damage the surface.- Clamping the work piece should be flat, meaning that the surface of the workpiece out of the vise jaws should be straight and parallel to the vise jaws.- For clamping workpieces which a thin hollow tube is used as additional material is inserted into the pipe, so that the pipe is clamped will not damage / change form.- For clamping thin workpieces (thin plate) gunakanlandasan of wood. The foundation is clamped in the jaws doubt.
WhipsawHandsaw cutting tools that are widely used in the workshop bench and machine work. Peralatanutama handsaw is in the garage, because the function of this tool is to prepare materials that would be done or made bendakerja. The working principle of a handsaw cutting is a step forward, step backward is not melakukanpemotongan saw blade.
The main parts of the handsaw:- Frame / order- Holders- Peregang / binder- Leaf blade
Hand Saw Parts
Chainsaws eyes are categorized into two namely:A. Eye Saw Bending (Flexyble Blades), where only part of the hardened teeth.2. Saw eye Kaku (All Hard Blades) in which all parts hardened saw blade. Suitable to produce a straight cut.
Selection basis Eye Saw
Various Kinds Eye Saw
File (File)The main equipment in the workshop bench is a miser, because almost all the work done at the workshop bench using a miser. Materials to make niggardly is a high carbon steel, in which the carbon content in steel of this type is less 0.7 to 0.8%.Use of griping at the workshop bench is to cut the surface of the workpiece material little by little, so it can produce a smooth surface of the workpiece. Due to the shape of the workpiece that is increasingly complex, then made a variety of miserly form, thus making all kinds of shapes of the workpiece can be served by a miserly as peralaatn cuts. In addition to the wide variety of workpiece materials to manufacture various types of griping then be made with various materials to produce it. For all types of materials can be cut by using a kind of stingy on to manufacture. Use of griping at the workshop bench is very wide, from the initial work / rough to work late or finishing. Various cross-sectional shape or a flat surface to form a round / radius and shape can be done parallel with the miser. To get the blade surface of intersection is then chopped with a knife fisted hard and sharp.
A. Main Parts of miserly
B. This type of file teethMiser can be classified into two types based on the type of cutter teeth, that is stingy and miserly single-toothed toothed twin / double. Miser with a single piece of gear is used for cutting the workpiece to be smooth. This means that no deduction can be carried out precisely, but the results pengikiran on the surface of the workpiece to be more subtle. Miserly single-tooth gear cutter diagonal direction towards the surface of the miser. Stingy with two cutting teeth which intersect each other can be cut quickly, but the resultspengikirannya rough. So tight is perfect for preparatory work or menial jobs, while the miser with a single tooth cutter used to work late or finishing. Judging from the nature of the roughness of the two types of cutter teeth miserly also has five properties kekasaranyaitu very coarse, coarse, medium, fine and very fine.
This type of cutter teeth griping
C. Various kinds of filePreviously explained that with the more complex the shape of the workpiece, then the equipment to make it also more and more are made. In the workshopBench we know some kind of stingy, miserly where each has an individual utility.
- Stingy Flat
- Stingy InstrumentsInstrument called a stingy miser because the shape is very small compared to the size of the file in general, and because its use is usually to work pengikiran small objects or instruments of the equipment. Instruments available in the griping is a set of Beris all forms or kinds of flat file that is stingy, miserly triangular, rectangular stingy, miserly round, half round file and a knife. Cutter teeth are also similar to griping in general is berigi single and double-toothed.
Miserly Instruments
D. Cutting Teeth miserly level roughnessThere are five levels of roughness of the cutting teeth stingy as previously described. Each file with a level of rudeness has usefulness of each, namely:- Very rough stingy used for cutting quickly so it is used for preliminary cutting. Results pengikiran rough, not smooth.- File is used for cutting rough start, regardless of the workpiece surface finish.- File is being used to smooth the surface after filed with stingy or miserly rough very rough before it is done by using a fine file.- Used to smooth stingy pengikiran at the end of the work / finishing where the workpiece surface finish is required- Stingy very fine used for finishing work, especially for workpieces with high accuracy.
E. How to Hold fistedPengikiran job will work well if the workers know about the type of file to be used in accordance with the materials that will be done, how to properly clamp the workpiece, how to hold the correct file. How to hold the wrong file can result in feeling tired quickly, so work is slow or if the terms of their economic disadvantage. Fatigue is likely to cause accidents, because the concentration of worker fatigue is lowered. With decreasing concentration, it will be easy work accident occurred. How to hold the correct file is:- The shaft must be held tight with my right hand with your thumb above the handle tight, while the index finger to follow the long stalk miserly
How to Hold tight shaft
- To pengikiran / heavy work, then the left hand (the palm of the hand) is placed at the end of the miser with your fingers clamped tight end. Its function is to Ingestion / pemotogan materials can be larger by a miserly and straightness of the surface can be maintained
Coarse hone / Pengikiran Early
- For the implementation of a lightweight pengikiran, the fingers can be placed on the left hand end of the file and it serves as a counterweight.
Lightweight Pengikiran
- In pengikiran thin workpieces, the tip of the left thumb diletekkan on the surface close to the stalk stingy miser. While the other end of the finger pressing the tip of griping fingers or pressing the surface of the miser.
Thin Banda Pengikiran Work
- The implementation pengikiran posture leaning slightly forward and position your left foot in front of right foot kirakira makes an angle of 60 º.
F. Way of filingHone the work can be done by everyone but not everyone can always produce a good workpiece, in accordance with the expected standards of workmanship. Workers who do not know how to hone and never knowing or doing filing work then he will find it difficult to do so. Everyone knows that the job requires staff to file and in addition it also requires high skills. Filing the wrong way can damage the workpiece and the resulting physical fatigue for workers so that their productivity decreases. To avoid the things mentioned above, the guidelines for the implementation pengikiran are:- Emphasis is made or the provision of forces on both hands should be the same at the time of eating or cutting the workpiece material- Ingestion eyes done griping miser in the forward movement, while moving backward in time griping miser should not be doing Ingestion.- The location of surface stingy / cutting teeth should be flat on the workpiece during Ingestion so the entire surface of the eye piece miserly or stingy all can do the cutting of the workpiece material.- To work long workpieces, then Ingestion done by all the griping. While for short workpieces Ingestion stingy or not done by the entire length of the body stingy, because it can lead to uneven results pengikiran. This is caused by eating at the time Ingestion is not balanced.- Ingestion speed should be around 40 to 50 steps for every minute of it. But for workpieces made of hard materials, then the speed Ingestion done at low speed.
F.1 hone CrossCross-filing is done by moving the forward direction of cross-fisted against the workpiece. Forward motion and the cross was carried out jointly. Ingestion Method filing made on the beginning / pengikiran start, where to dispose of material impurities can be taken. For further work after the sewage waste materials and sizes approaching the size of the requested new pengikiran done in another way. Miser who used to do pengikiran in this way is usually a miserly rough with the work piece is about 45 º and implementation pengikiran done from the opposite direction.
Picture 2.1.4.10 How to hone CrossF.2 hone the length of the workpiecePengikiran in this way made during pengikiran process has reached the stage of finishing or finishing. Thus is the stingy miser who used finely cut with a single eye. Location of griping surface perpendicular or transverse to the workpiece. How to hold your right hand holding a miser is a miser with the holder of the position of the thumb attached to the stalk stingy. The left hand holds the end of the miser with your thumb is on the stingy and the other fingers holding tight.The position of second-hand thumb is pushing forward stingy. Ingestion miserly step is to step forward and backward steps do not mean free miserly Ingestion. At step fisted suppression motion should be flat in order to produce a flat surface and smooth. Pengikiran process in this way can not be too long because of his miserliness will be uneven, where the parts are always going to be concave Ingestion is the other part remains flat. Thus miser can not be reused.
G. Safety In filingTo avoid in filing the safety measures to be considered are as follows:- Do not use a miser who does not stemmed- Do not use pliers kai stingy with loose or broken / damaged- Check whether the file actually bound more strongly to the stalk- Use the file according to function- Laying the miser not stacked with the workpiece or tool / other tools.
Tap & SnieA. TapTap is the equipment used to manufacture a screw on a workpiece. Before the object is in the thread, first thing is riddled with drill machines. Diameter of the hole depends on the diameter of the screw to be made. Forms created specifically tap where the thread-cutting screw eyes are made with precision. Materials for the manufacture of tool steel tap is cutting steel quickly. Once the tap is formed and then hardened and ditempering. General form of the tap can be seen in the following figure.
Hard hammerHard hammer types commonly used in the workshop bench and work hard the engine is a type of hammer is a hammer bun (Ball Pein hammer), hammer pen direction (straight peen hammer), hammer pen and transverse (cross peen hammer).
Usefulness of Each Part Of The Hard Hammer
- Head of StoneThe surface of the stone head is used as the basis for the beating of the workpiece. The third type of hammer use hammer surface is the same
- KondeIn the hammer bun, bun function is to form a curve or to pengelingan.
- Pen UnidirectionalPen pen in the direction of the direction of the hammer used to flatten the connection to the work plate, and tighten the corners of which were located in the direction.
- Pen AcrossPen pen transversely across the hammer is used to close up the sides or corners are located transversely.
- Holders of the hammer / hammer shaftHolder serves as a hammer is a hammer head holder so that the moment the beating that resulted to be larger. Material for the hammer handle is of hard material, so it is not easily broken.
Soft hammerCalled soft mallet, because the surface of the hammer head is made of soft materials such as plastics, rubber, wood, copper, lead, and leather. Soft hammer is usually used as an aid in the installation work on a milling machine the workpiece, the workpiece scrap and assemble at the assembly shop. In addition, it is also widely used in workshops plates, electrical repair shop and pipe shop. Not all of his head made of soft material, but the soft surface of the head of it all. For example, a plastic hammer the head part made of metal, then the surface is made of plastic, so that when the plastic is damaged can be replaced with new ones. Soft hammer made from wood, all the parts are made of wood.
Vise (Vise)
Vise serves to clamp the workpiece firmly and correctly, it means clamping the vise should not damage the workpiece. Thus the vise must be stronger than the workpiece is pinned. To generate a strong clamping the vise on the mouth / jaw berigi steel paired so that the workpiece can be clamped firmly. Vise jaws are actuated by threaded rods attached to the screw home. When the threaded rod is moved / rotated clockwise, then the vise jaws will close, but when rotated counter-clockwise will open the vise jaws.
Vise
Vise mounting on work table height should be adjusted to the workers that will work. As a rule when the vise is mounted on a workbench, vise the mouth should be a high elbow from working in a standing position perfectly.
Installation of high-vise the Board
The workpiece clamping surface of the workpiece is not expected to be damaged or deformed due to jaw vise jaws. To overcome this, then at the time of clamping the work piece vise with the vise jaws should be coated with the coating. The coatings are made of soft materials such as mild steel, copper plate, solid rubber and a thick zinc plates.
Coatings vise jaws
Vise screw shaft and the house should always be checked from the lubrication process. On the left vise jaw should always be closed. Vise is not a basis that is not allowed to do the beating of the workpiece with a vise as a foundation.The things that need to be monitored or bullet followed in the vise clamping the work piece is as follows:- Use the vise jaws to prevent coating of the workpiece so as not to damage the surface.- Clamping the work piece should be flat, meaning that the surface of the workpiece out of the vise jaws should be straight and parallel to the vise jaws.- For clamping workpieces which a thin hollow tube is used as additional material is inserted into the pipe, so that the pipe is clamped will not damage / change form.- For clamping thin workpieces (thin plate) gunakanlandasan of wood. The foundation is clamped in the jaws doubt.
WhipsawHandsaw cutting tools that are widely used in the workshop bench and machine work. Peralatanutama handsaw is in the garage, because the function of this tool is to prepare materials that would be done or made bendakerja. The working principle of a handsaw cutting is a step forward, step backward is not melakukanpemotongan saw blade.
The main parts of the handsaw:- Frame / order- Holders- Peregang / binder- Leaf blade
Hand Saw Parts
Chainsaws eyes are categorized into two namely:A. Eye Saw Bending (Flexyble Blades), where only part of the hardened teeth.2. Saw eye Kaku (All Hard Blades) in which all parts hardened saw blade. Suitable to produce a straight cut.
Selection basis Eye Saw
Various Kinds Eye Saw
File (File)The main equipment in the workshop bench is a miser, because almost all the work done at the workshop bench using a miser. Materials to make niggardly is a high carbon steel, in which the carbon content in steel of this type is less 0.7 to 0.8%.Use of griping at the workshop bench is to cut the surface of the workpiece material little by little, so it can produce a smooth surface of the workpiece. Due to the shape of the workpiece that is increasingly complex, then made a variety of miserly form, thus making all kinds of shapes of the workpiece can be served by a miserly as peralaatn cuts. In addition to the wide variety of workpiece materials to manufacture various types of griping then be made with various materials to produce it. For all types of materials can be cut by using a kind of stingy on to manufacture. Use of griping at the workshop bench is very wide, from the initial work / rough to work late or finishing. Various cross-sectional shape or a flat surface to form a round / radius and shape can be done parallel with the miser. To get the blade surface of intersection is then chopped with a knife fisted hard and sharp.
A. Main Parts of miserly
B. This type of file teethMiser can be classified into two types based on the type of cutter teeth, that is stingy and miserly single-toothed toothed twin / double. Miser with a single piece of gear is used for cutting the workpiece to be smooth. This means that no deduction can be carried out precisely, but the results pengikiran on the surface of the workpiece to be more subtle. Miserly single-tooth gear cutter diagonal direction towards the surface of the miser. Stingy with two cutting teeth which intersect each other can be cut quickly, but the resultspengikirannya rough. So tight is perfect for preparatory work or menial jobs, while the miser with a single tooth cutter used to work late or finishing. Judging from the nature of the roughness of the two types of cutter teeth miserly also has five properties kekasaranyaitu very coarse, coarse, medium, fine and very fine.
This type of cutter teeth griping
C. Various kinds of filePreviously explained that with the more complex the shape of the workpiece, then the equipment to make it also more and more are made. In the workshopBench we know some kind of stingy, miserly where each has an individual utility.
- Stingy Flat
- Stingy InstrumentsInstrument called a stingy miser because the shape is very small compared to the size of the file in general, and because its use is usually to work pengikiran small objects or instruments of the equipment. Instruments available in the griping is a set of Beris all forms or kinds of flat file that is stingy, miserly triangular, rectangular stingy, miserly round, half round file and a knife. Cutter teeth are also similar to griping in general is berigi single and double-toothed.
Miserly Instruments
D. Cutting Teeth miserly level roughnessThere are five levels of roughness of the cutting teeth stingy as previously described. Each file with a level of rudeness has usefulness of each, namely:- Very rough stingy used for cutting quickly so it is used for preliminary cutting. Results pengikiran rough, not smooth.- File is used for cutting rough start, regardless of the workpiece surface finish.- File is being used to smooth the surface after filed with stingy or miserly rough very rough before it is done by using a fine file.- Used to smooth stingy pengikiran at the end of the work / finishing where the workpiece surface finish is required- Stingy very fine used for finishing work, especially for workpieces with high accuracy.
E. How to Hold fistedPengikiran job will work well if the workers know about the type of file to be used in accordance with the materials that will be done, how to properly clamp the workpiece, how to hold the correct file. How to hold the wrong file can result in feeling tired quickly, so work is slow or if the terms of their economic disadvantage. Fatigue is likely to cause accidents, because the concentration of worker fatigue is lowered. With decreasing concentration, it will be easy work accident occurred. How to hold the correct file is:- The shaft must be held tight with my right hand with your thumb above the handle tight, while the index finger to follow the long stalk miserly
How to Hold tight shaft
- To pengikiran / heavy work, then the left hand (the palm of the hand) is placed at the end of the miser with your fingers clamped tight end. Its function is to Ingestion / pemotogan materials can be larger by a miserly and straightness of the surface can be maintained
Coarse hone / Pengikiran Early
- For the implementation of a lightweight pengikiran, the fingers can be placed on the left hand end of the file and it serves as a counterweight.
Lightweight Pengikiran
- In pengikiran thin workpieces, the tip of the left thumb diletekkan on the surface close to the stalk stingy miser. While the other end of the finger pressing the tip of griping fingers or pressing the surface of the miser.
Thin Banda Pengikiran Work
- The implementation pengikiran posture leaning slightly forward and position your left foot in front of right foot kirakira makes an angle of 60 º.
F. Way of filingHone the work can be done by everyone but not everyone can always produce a good workpiece, in accordance with the expected standards of workmanship. Workers who do not know how to hone and never knowing or doing filing work then he will find it difficult to do so. Everyone knows that the job requires staff to file and in addition it also requires high skills. Filing the wrong way can damage the workpiece and the resulting physical fatigue for workers so that their productivity decreases. To avoid the things mentioned above, the guidelines for the implementation pengikiran are:- Emphasis is made or the provision of forces on both hands should be the same at the time of eating or cutting the workpiece material- Ingestion eyes done griping miser in the forward movement, while moving backward in time griping miser should not be doing Ingestion.- The location of surface stingy / cutting teeth should be flat on the workpiece during Ingestion so the entire surface of the eye piece miserly or stingy all can do the cutting of the workpiece material.- To work long workpieces, then Ingestion done by all the griping. While for short workpieces Ingestion stingy or not done by the entire length of the body stingy, because it can lead to uneven results pengikiran. This is caused by eating at the time Ingestion is not balanced.- Ingestion speed should be around 40 to 50 steps for every minute of it. But for workpieces made of hard materials, then the speed Ingestion done at low speed.
F.1 hone CrossCross-filing is done by moving the forward direction of cross-fisted against the workpiece. Forward motion and the cross was carried out jointly. Ingestion Method filing made on the beginning / pengikiran start, where to dispose of material impurities can be taken. For further work after the sewage waste materials and sizes approaching the size of the requested new pengikiran done in another way. Miser who used to do pengikiran in this way is usually a miserly rough with the work piece is about 45 º and implementation pengikiran done from the opposite direction.
Picture 2.1.4.10 How to hone CrossF.2 hone the length of the workpiecePengikiran in this way made during pengikiran process has reached the stage of finishing or finishing. Thus is the stingy miser who used finely cut with a single eye. Location of griping surface perpendicular or transverse to the workpiece. How to hold your right hand holding a miser is a miser with the holder of the position of the thumb attached to the stalk stingy. The left hand holds the end of the miser with your thumb is on the stingy and the other fingers holding tight.The position of second-hand thumb is pushing forward stingy. Ingestion miserly step is to step forward and backward steps do not mean free miserly Ingestion. At step fisted suppression motion should be flat in order to produce a flat surface and smooth. Pengikiran process in this way can not be too long because of his miserliness will be uneven, where the parts are always going to be concave Ingestion is the other part remains flat. Thus miser can not be reused.
G. Safety In filingTo avoid in filing the safety measures to be considered are as follows:- Do not use a miser who does not stemmed- Do not use pliers kai stingy with loose or broken / damaged- Check whether the file actually bound more strongly to the stalk- Use the file according to function- Laying the miser not stacked with the workpiece or tool / other tools.
Tap & SnieA. TapTap is the equipment used to manufacture a screw on a workpiece. Before the object is in the thread, first thing is riddled with drill machines. Diameter of the hole depends on the diameter of the screw to be made. Forms created specifically tap where the thread-cutting screw eyes are made with precision. Materials for the manufacture of tool steel tap is cutting steel quickly. Once the tap is formed and then hardened and ditempering. General form of the tap can be seen in the following figure.
B. Tap KonisTaper tap is used to perform revolves preliminary / initial cutting, since the end of the tapered shape of the eye piece and has no cutting teeth. Thus it will easily fit into a hole that has been made. So the function is to Ingestion tapnkonis early.
C. Between TapTap the function to pengulir between ta tap taper and flat or it can be said as the second cutter. Tap it on the 3 to 4 eye piece does not exist, is intended to be able to tap into the hole with ease. So after the workpiece taper threaded using a tap and then threaded using a tap between.
D. Tap AlignAverage tap function is to do the work in the manufacturing end of the screw by using the tap. On tap this whole eye piece can be cut. This form is part pemotongannya tap has a cut eye and its diameter is the same.
Tap AlignTo do revolves with the tools necessary to use the tap handle tap / tap player. The size of the shank of the tap is very dependent on the diameter of the tap to be used. For that tap was made varied from small to large sizes.
Tap shaft
Making Screw (Tap and Snei)A. Making Work Step Screw with Tap is as following:- Clamp the workpiece in the vise is true and strong- Connect the tap on the shaft taper tap- Place the eye perpendicular to the tap hole (check by using a right-angled)- Press to enter the hole and turn the tap handle to the right (clockwise direction of rotation). Screening must be perpendicular.- Screening of approximately 90 º, then turn back toward the left. The purpose is to cut back screenings that have not been cut off burr and burr-burr allows the cutting out of the hole.- Provide lubrication during pengetapan prose, except for materials of iron pengetapan- Perform pengetapan to finish, then repeat the steps using the tap pengetapan between. When finished repeat the steps using the tapa average pengetapan / finishing.
Objects clamping Work And Tap Installation
Tap Installation And Inspection Kesikuan
Initial steps Pengetapan
Provision of Lubricants
B. SneiSnei is a tool to create a thread. Snei shape resembles a nut but ulirnya a cut eye. The teeth of the screw once established then hardened and tempered so that she could do the cutting of the workpiece. In the process of making weapons and snei snei.Snei held by the stalk that is usually used for the manufacture of screw is snei snei solid and slotted.
C. Snei solidSnei this type of hexagon-shaped or round. To facilitate the initial revolves snei then the type is not the whole eye piece as large, but slightly tapered in the eyes of the initial cutting. Thus the workpiece can be entered into the snei little easier.
D. Snei slotted (Split Die)Snei of this type are widely used to manufacture the screw out, because it has the advantages of the solid snei. Advantages include a large diameter can be enlarged and reduced to standard size. Thus at the time of introduction revolves enlarged diameter and the diameter returned to the finishing time of the standard size. Settings by using the bolt setter.
Snei slotted (Split Die)
To create a thread by using the tools that are needed snei snei holder. At pemegeng snei is equipped with fastener bolts, so do not go spinning snei during cutting / revolves
Holders Snei
E. Screw Making Work Step By Snei is as following:- Prepare workpiece and clamp the vise vertically.- Attach the holder and kuncikan snei fastening bolts.- Place snei the workpiece with a flat position, and then emphasize snei to get in on snei workpiece. Apply pressure while snei screwed clockwise direction.- Screening or Ingestion of approximately 60 º, then returned to its original position. Playback are intended to cut burr and clean the screw that has been made and provides the opportunity burr out of snei.- Perform the above steps work continuously and provide lubricating oil to mendingingkan snei and to help remove the burr.- For the manufacture of screw with slotted snei, then repeat it revolves with the first set back the width of the opening snei. And so forth until the size snei back on the standard size.- Check the results using the mall snei threaded, threaded and snei so clean.
Preparing for Job Objects
Step revolves
With a vise grippingThe things that need to be monitored or bullet followed in the vise clamping the work piece is as follows:- Use the vise jaws to prevent coating of the workpiece so as not to damage the surface.- Clamping the work piece should be flat, meaning that the surface of the workpiece out of the vise jaws should be straight and parallel to the vise jaws.- For clamping workpieces which a thin hollow tube is used as additional material is inserted into the pipe, so that the pipe is clamped will not damage / change form.- For clamping thin workpieces (thin plate) gunakanlandasan of wood. The foundation is clamped in the jaws doubt.
Objects binders Work At vise
Position clamp vise Objects Working On
Machine Tool (Engine Lathe)
Machine Tool is a machine tool used to cut objects rotated. Machine itself is a process workpieces sayatannya Ingestion done by rotating the workpiece and then subjected to the cutting tool is moved in translation parallel to the spin axis of the workpiece. Rotary movement of the workpiece relative called and move the cut motion of the chisel is called translational motion of the bait.By adjusting the ratio of the workpiece rotational speed and translational speed of the cutting tool to get some kind of screw with a size range is different. This can be done by way of a gear change that connects the translational axis spindle with a threaded shaft.Gear exchange are provided specifically to meet the purposes of making a screw. Number of teeth on each gear changers magnitude varies anywhere from 15 to 127 maximum number of teeth. Exchanger with the gear 127 has a specificity because it is used for conversion from metric to a screw-inch screw.
Part of the Machine Tool
Machine Tool SettingA. Head Stock: peotongan place settings (speed of cut)2. Spindle: mneruskan the spin machine to the workpiece, so that the workpiece can rotate, as well as a place holder attached keerja objects.3. Chuck: workpiece holder.4. Dead Center: To support the ends of the workpiece, this center does not rotate with the workpiece.5. Tail Stock Spindle: point of attachment of dead center. It can also Disampaing to attach drill chuck for drilling etc.. Equipment for various kinds of work.6. Stock Tail: The back (tail) lathe, for supporting the workpiece edge with intermediaries dead center attached to the tail stock spindle.7. Tail Stock Hand Wheel: to advance or rewind the dead center position to the position of the workpiece dapatdiatur well. Besides, if the tail stock spindle mounted on the drill bit the tail stock hand wheel can be used to provide motion Ingestion.8. Bed: supporting the head stock, tail stock while the bed is called bagianatas of ways.9. Leg: besin foot lathe, there are only a small machine.10. Carriage: the part that can be shifted to the longitudinal direction along the bed, the carriage carrying the - the other part that lies on top, the cross slide.11. Cross Slide: when the transverse axis located above the lathe carriage to hold movement transverse Ingestion (cross feed).12. Compound Rest: a place to put the tool post.13. Tool Post: point of attachment of the chisel (cutting tool)
2.2.3 Operational processes in Machine ToolA. Parameters That Can Be Arranged At Machine ToolThree main parameters in each process are lathe spindle rotation speed (speed), the movement of food (feed), and depth of cut (depth of cut). Other factors such as workpiece material and the type of chisel is actually also have a considerable influence, but the above three parameters are adjustable by the operator directly on the lathe.Rotational speed, n (speed), always associated with the major axis (spindle) and the workpiece. Rotational speed is denoted as the revolutions per minute (rotations per minute, rpm). However, the lathe is preferred in the process of cutting speed (cutting speed or v) or the speed of the workpiece through the cutting tool / workpiece circumference (see Figure 2.2.3.1). Simply cutting speed can be described as the circumference of the workpiece or the rotational speed multiplied by:v = dn / 1000Where:v = cutting speed (m / min)d = diameter of the workpiece (mm)n = rotation of the workpiece (rev / min)
Thus the cutting speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece. In addition to the cutting speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece, the workpiece material factors, and the cutting tool material largely determines the price of cutting speed. Basically when the lathe cutting speed is determined based on the material of the workpiece and cutting tool. Price cutting speed is fixed, for example, for mild steel workpiece with a chisel from the HSS, the speed of intersection between 20 to 30 m / min.Ate motion, f (feed), is the distance traveled by the chisel of each workpiece rotates one time (Figure 2.2.3.2), so f is a unit of mm / cycle. Feed motion is determined by the power of the machine, workpiece material, cutting tool material, the shape of a chisel, and in particular the desired surface finish. Feed motion is usually determined in relation to the depth of cut (a). The motion meal costs about 1/3 to 1/20 (a), or in accordance with the desired surface finish.
Eating motion (F) and Cut Depth (A)
A depth of cut (depth of cut), is the thickness of the workpiece is removed from the workpiece, or the distance between the cut surface of the surface that has not been truncated. When carving a deep cut, then the diameter of the workpiece is reduced 2a, because the surface of the workpiece to be cut on two sides, a result from a rotating workpiece.Some of the machining process in addition to the lathe in Figure 2.2.3.1, the lathe machining process can also be done the other, the lathe in the (internal turning), the process of making a hole with the drill (drilling), enlarge the hole (boring), manufacture of screw (thread cutting), and making grooves (grooving / partingoff). The process was carried out on a lathe with the aid / other additional equipment for the machining process can be done (see Figure 2.2.3.3).
Picture 2.2.3.3 Machining Processes In Machine Tool GuidePicture:(A) turning hips (Chamfering),
(B) The flow turning (Parting-Off),
(C) turning Screw (Threading),
(D) turning Hole (Boring),
(E) Making holes (Drilling), and
(F) Making Cartel (knurling)
B. Various Kinds On Machine Tool Cutting ProcessVarious kinds of processes operasioanal / jobs can be done by a lathe that is:
A. TurningThe process of cutting a cylindrical surface of a workpiece in which the average Ingestion on all sides. The workpiece is usually dipasangdiantara center or simply clamped on chucknya only (for short workpieces)
2. Facingthe process fasing, chisel cutting edge moves from a rotating workpiece to produce a flat surface, the workpiece is clamped in the chuck.
3. TaperingThat is the same as just turning the workpiece to form the shape of thin or tapered.
4. Drillingto do the drilling on the lathe drill held on the tail stock mounted so as to hold the chisel drill that will pierce the workpiece in the chuck rotates. Feeding is given by pressing tail stock by hand.5. Borringthe process of enlargement of the hole where the hole is generated from the drilling or holes in castings. Boring on lathe made by placing a workpiece on the chuck. The main usefulness of the operation that is borring to create a hole is concentric with the axis, as well as to correct errors that may occur prior to the drilling process, the concentration is the most important properties of the hole results borring process.
7. Knurlingthe suppression of a chisel knurling on work piece, wherein the workpiece is not diraut, only the pressure is just to produce the surface forms.
8. Thread CuttingThread cutting is a process for preparing screw, both external and internal screw threads in a. In the manufacture of threaded, or threaded chisel can be used for threaded outside tap and die to make the screw.
2.2.4 Work Processes Machine ToolLathe machining process is a process to produce engine parts are done with the cylindrical shape using a lathe. The basic principle can be defined as the process of machining the outer surface of a cylindrical object or flat lathe:- With a rotating workpiece- With a single cut chisel-edged (with a single-point cutting tool)- With chisel movement parallel to the axis of the workpiece at a certain distanceso it will discard the outer surface of the workpiece (see Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 1)The process of lathe surface (surface turning, Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 2) is a process that is identical to the lathe lathe flat, but the direction of movement Ingestion perpendicular to the axis of the workpiece. The process of lathe taper (taper turning, Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 3) is virtually identical to the flat on the lathe, just the way the chisel to form a certain angle to the axis of the workpiece. Similarly, contour lathe process, carried out by varying the depth of cut, thus producing the desired shape. Although the lathe is specifically using a single cut-edged chisel, but eyed the lathe still includes the plural pieces of lathe as well, because basically every chisel work on their own. Besides setting process (setting) chisels remain to be done one by one
Flat Lathe process, (2) Surface Tool,And (3) Tool Tyre
2.3 Tools Cut (Cut)2.3.1. Type of CutThe geometry / shape is mainly dependent on the lathe cutting tool material of the workpiece and cutting tool material. Standard terminology is shown in Figure 2.3.1. For lathe chisel-edged single piece, the most basic chisel angle is the angle burr (rake angle), angle-free (clearance angle), and angle the cut side (cutting edge angle). The corners of HSS cutting tool is formed by a chisel sharpened using a grinding machine (Machine Tool Grinder). Meanwhile, when the chisel is a cutting tool inserts (insert) is placed at the site of chisels, cutting tool geometry can be seen in Figure 2.3.2. In addition to the cutting tool lathe cutting tool geometry can also be identified based on the location of the cut (cutting edge) that is a chisel right hand (Right-hand tools) and chisel left hand Left-hand tools),
HSS Lathe Chisel geometry (Honed Chisel Grinding MachineChisel)
Geometry Lathe Chisel Inserts (Insert)
And Chisel chisel Right Hand Left Hand
Lathe chisel above when used for the process is usually mounted on a lathe cutting tool holder (tool holder). Chisel holder is used to hold the chisel of the HSS with a chisel tip cultivated as short as possible to avoid vibrations in the time used for a lathe (see Figure 2.3.4). For the chisel-shaped inserts (inserts), chisel chisel is mounted on a suitable place, (see Figure 2.3.5).
HSS Chisel holder: (A) Cut Alur, (B) Cut In, (C) Cut Align Right, (D) Chisel Align Left), and (E) Cut Screw
Lathe Chisel Inserts (Inserts), Dan Listed In The Blanks Cut Chisel Holder (Tool Holders)
Coding forms and chisels chisel inserts and holders are standardized by ISO. ISO standard for cutting tool inserts can be seen in Appendix, and the encoding of the chisel holder can be seen also in the Appendix.
2.4 Machines ChainsawsThe main function is to cut the saw machine workpieces in large quantities. There are different kinds of chain saw chain saw including the engine flat, band saw machines, circular saws and machines. Here's a picture of a saw machine is used in mechanical workshops.
Sengkang disc saws and Saw Scratch
Mechanical movement of a saw machine can be described as follows, note the picture on the previous page rotation motors are connected by a belt on the wheel axle, gears on the shaft keeping the router connected to the connecting gears, gear shaft rotating puck mover connection move the piston rod so as to produce the retreat forward to the cross bar saws. Drive shaft is mounted in a groove puck mover and fastened by a bolt and nut (eccentric movement) in which the flow regulator is a step length of cross bar saws.If the driver is installed near the end of the rod axis keeping force, then the cross bar to move short-saws. The further the location of the tip of the axis drive shaft drive increasingly long for the movement of cross bar. To set the short term this step is done by fastening the nuts loosen, then shifting the driving shaft at a position that we want.
Movement Mechanical Engineering Chainsaws
Leaves form a chain saw for the purposes of this chain saw can be adjusted to the type of machine used saws. In the figure below are shown the various types of saws according to the shape of leaves.
Chainsaws Leaf TypesA. Principles of Machine SawsRotary motion to the electric motor, converted to a straight movement back and forth with a mechanism similar to sekrap machine. Motion passed back and forth on the frame clamp blade (cutter), because there is a weight on the frame, then the alternating step changes in the position of center of gravity frame that resulted in suppression, then the frame being held by a hydraulic mechanism. The position of the frame will drop straight down to the minimum length of a hydraulic arm achieved.
2.5 Grinding MachinesCylindrical grinding machine
The ability to sharpen the cutting tool sharpening with sand or stones have been discovered by primitive man many centuries ago. Scraper tools used to create the first time on the grinding stone and iron age to the great progress made over to the sharpening process. In the early 1900s, the grinding has developed very rapidly as the human ability to make such abrasive grains of silicon carbide and aluminum carbide. Further development of more effective sharpening machine called a grinding machine. This machine can erode metal surfaces quickly and have a high degree of accuracy in accordance with the desired shape. Grinding machine is one machine that is used for sharpening tools / cutting of the workpiece with a specific purpose. The working principle is the grinding wheel grinding machine rotates in contact with the workpiece, causing erosion, sharpening, grinding, or cutting.
A. Types of Grinding MachinesA. Flat Grinding MachineFlat grinding is a grinding technique which refers to the manufacture of flat shapes, shapes and uneven surfaces on a workpiece under a rotating grinding wheel. In general, grinding machines are used for surface grinding machine table moves back and forth horizontally.Gripped workpiece on the magnetic table box, move back and forth under the grinding wheel. Table on flat grinding machine can be operated manually or automatically. Based on its main axis, flat grinding machine is divided into four kinds.Flat grinding machines with horizontal motion of the table back and forth. Grinding machine is used for grinding objects with flat surfaces and angled (see Figure 5.3).Flat horizontal grinding machine with a rotating motion of the table, this type of machine used for flat surface grinding spindle (see Figure 5.4).
Flat grinding machines with vertical motion of the table back and forth, this type of machine used for grinding flat, objects, width, and angle (see Figure 2.5.5).
Vertical Flat Grinding Machine-Table Alternating motion-Back
Vertical flat grinding machine with a rotating motion of the table, this type of machine used for flat surface grinding spindle (see Figure 2.5.6).
Vertical Flat Grinding Machine-Table Rotating Motion
Based on the principle of flat grinding machine work is divided into two kinds.1) flat semi-automatic grinding machine, the cutting process can be done manually (hand) and automatic machines.2) a flat-automatic grinding machine, the cutting process is regulated through the program (NC / CNC Numerical Control and / Computer Numerically Control).2.6 Term SlideSliding period is a measuring tool frequently used in the machine shop. Serves as a sliding-term measure commonly used machine operator can measure the length up to 200 mm, 0.05 mm accuracy. Picture 2.6.1. The following is a picture of the long slide that can measure the length of the jaws, the depth of the tail, with a slit width of the upper sensor. The long slide has a measuring scale (vernier scale) by a particular reading. There is also equipped with slide-hour period of measurement, or equipped with a digital size of the pointer. Measurements using the term sliding is done by touching the sensor measuring the workpiece to be measured, (see Figure 2.6.1.). Some kind of term with a sliding scale reading pointer can be (seen in Figure 2.6.2)
Term Sensor Can Be Used For The SlideVarious measuring position.
Pointer-term Sorong With Readings Nonius, Clock Measure, and Digital.
Reading of the slide-term measurements using measuring clock is done by reading the main scale plus the distance indicated by the clock gauge. For the long slide with a digital readout pointer, the measurement results can be directly read on a digital monitor. Using the term sliding scale Nonius, in brief how readings size is as follows:- Read the main points on a scale mm (in Figure 4.3. Below: 9 mm)- Read the oversized numbers by looking for the main scale line- A straight line with Nonius scale
2.7 Pin LocatorPin Locator
Locator Pin is a workholding device used to position the workpiece in a jig or fixture. Locators establish a relationship between the workpiece and the workholding device.Locating Pin is used to control, good tolerance of the position of the workpiece is also to find a good outside workpiece surface or interior holes. For example, a palette that moves along a single axis, in which the drive mechanism is not accurate and stable enough to put him in a position that is accurate enough to execute a particular process, the use of pin location may be the best solution.Finding pin is available in many shapes and sizes. Typically two pin locations is to correctly find the workpiece on one plane. There are dozens of styles pin placements that can be utilized in the design. We will explain the structure and show examples of how each style can be applied. One of the most common pin is the pin went to either small or large head.
3.1 Work Flow Diagram Pin
3.2 Materials Selection and determination to be made Dimensional Objects3.2.1 Material
In the lab II, Mechanical Technology I was using the material in the form of the shaft. Therefore, each group gets a shaft material with pangjang 130 mm and a diameter of 30 mm.3.2.2 The dimensions of the desired object
Dimensions desired in the practice of Mechanical Technology I was having overall dimensions of the material:Length: 100 mmThe smallest diameter: 12 mmLargest diameter: 28 mm
3.3 Material Cutting Process3.3.1 The dimensions of the cut materialMaterials that do the cutting process is having the dimensionsLength: 130mmDiameter: 30mm
3.3.2 The Material Cutting Machine with SawFirst do the cutting process when nporos still in, and then divided each group with a length of 130 mm mendaptkan. Then the axis of the work carried out by using a half of the Machine Tool and workpiece measurement of the desired length of material that is 100mm, therefore the workpiece is cut again to the size of 105 mm, then the rest is done facing process using a lathe so that the workpiece surface be flat.Pin Locator 3.4.2 Work Process
No Picture Time1
l = 130mmn = 740f = 0.351Tc = l / Vt 130/2 =
5 min in lab II, Mechanical Technology I was using the material of the shaft. Therefore, each group gets a shaft material with pangjang 130 mm and a diameter of 30 mm.2
l = 130mmn = 740f = 0.19tc = l / Vf45/140, 6 =0.32 min after it's done turning process (Reduce diameter), made the process of turning in the greatest diameter for further work on these processes. That is, with a diameter of 28 mm and 45 mm pamjang.3
l = 10mmn = 740f = 0.193tc = l / Vf10/142, 85mm =0.07 Min Then do the downsizing (Turning) diameter starting from the right side, with a length of 10 mm.
4
l = 12n = 740f = 0.23tc = 12/171, 42 mm =0.07 min after the work is carried out further work, namely the manufacture of tapered at an angle of 15 º and 10 mm long, with a process called tampering, and behind it also made the process of tampering with sudt 45 º and a length of 2 mm.5
l = 10mmn = 740 rpmf = 0.193t = l / Vf10/142, 8 =0.07 min Subsequently, after the process penirusan with these dimensions, carried out further work that is turning from the end of the penirusan earlier, with a length of 10 mm6
l = 4mmn = 740f = 0.23tc = l / Vf4/170, 2 =
2 min after it's done penirusan again, on the Boards of the diameter is 28 mm. Do penirusan (Champering) with a 45 º angle and a length of 4 mm.7
l = 5mmn = 740rpmf = 0.018tc = l / Vf5/13, 51 =0.37 minThen after the tampering, the next dilkukan the cutting shaft with a length of 105 mm, and in facing up to the length of 100mm in accordance with the diinginkan.Lalu Dimens done turning on the 12mm diameter, but not directly dilkaukan turning 12 mm, but gradually little by little .8
l = 3mmnn = 740rpmf = 0.019tc = l / Vf3/14, 28 =0.21 minAfter construction is completed, the next process is to do the work of making the basin with a length of 3 mm and diameter 10, as shown next.9
l = 12mmn = 740f = 0019tc = / Vf12/14, 06 = 0.85 minAnd performed the last penirusan at the end of the object with a length of 12mm with an angle of 45 º.10
l = 12mmn = 740f = 0019tc = l / Vf12/14, 06 = 0.85 minThen after work is completed using a lathe, a recent work on the manufacture of screw diameter of 12mm was using the work bench, the object is clamped diragum later in the tab.11
The sum of all calculations tc And disampinglah objects such as images become.
3.5.2 Process with Machine Tool Perautan
The dimensions of the desired dimensions of practice
No results in the desired size of Practical InformationAccording Not Available1 The length of the cylindrical body 130 mm 130 mm long cylindrical object 2 The diameter of cylindrical objects ranging from the right side mm, with a length of 10 mm diameter cylindrical objects ranging from the right side mm, length 10 mm 3 Then Camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 10mm then Camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 10 mm 4 After turning on the smallest of the previous camfering, with a length of 10 mm After turning on the smallest of the previous camfering, with a length of 10 mm Turning again to 5, and a length of 10 mm Turning again, and a length of 10 mm 6 Then tuening more in diameter, and length 5mm Then again tuening diameter and 5mm in length 7 Camfering with an angle of 45 º, and a length of 4 mm with an angle of 45 º Camfering, and a length of 4 mm After 8 d behind the object, and d do with a diameter turning diameter, 51mm length d After that things behind, and with a diameter d do turning diameter, 51mm length 9 Then turning again from the right section of 7mm with, with a width of 3mm Then turning again from the right section of 7mm with, with a width of 3mm10 After that camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 11mm After that camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 11mm Making diameter threaded section 11, starting from the last dicamfering, until turning to the diameterManufacture of threaded section diameter, ranging from the dicamfering said, turning with a diameter up to
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
4.1 ConclusionIn the manufacture of objects in the desired shape in accordance with the operational process of the lathe can make students better understand and explore the manufacturing field. Sehinngga students are able to hone the skills that already described at the time of study and applied directly by lathe machining lab. Besides working with machine tools requires a very fast, from the use of the process engine with manual tools.
4.2 AdviceGrader emotion more attention to each group, and every work out what to do in order to avoid mistakes, because if any of it will be fatal, is to make locator pin again, and start working from scratch again.
C. Between TapTap the function to pengulir between ta tap taper and flat or it can be said as the second cutter. Tap it on the 3 to 4 eye piece does not exist, is intended to be able to tap into the hole with ease. So after the workpiece taper threaded using a tap and then threaded using a tap between.
D. Tap AlignAverage tap function is to do the work in the manufacturing end of the screw by using the tap. On tap this whole eye piece can be cut. This form is part pemotongannya tap has a cut eye and its diameter is the same.
Tap AlignTo do revolves with the tools necessary to use the tap handle tap / tap player. The size of the shank of the tap is very dependent on the diameter of the tap to be used. For that tap was made varied from small to large sizes.
Tap shaft
Making Screw (Tap and Snei)A. Making Work Step Screw with Tap is as following:- Clamp the workpiece in the vise is true and strong- Connect the tap on the shaft taper tap- Place the eye perpendicular to the tap hole (check by using a right-angled)- Press to enter the hole and turn the tap handle to the right (clockwise direction of rotation). Screening must be perpendicular.- Screening of approximately 90 º, then turn back toward the left. The purpose is to cut back screenings that have not been cut off burr and burr-burr allows the cutting out of the hole.- Provide lubrication during pengetapan prose, except for materials of iron pengetapan- Perform pengetapan to finish, then repeat the steps using the tap pengetapan between. When finished repeat the steps using the tapa average pengetapan / finishing.
Objects clamping Work And Tap Installation
Tap Installation And Inspection Kesikuan
Initial steps Pengetapan
Provision of Lubricants
B. SneiSnei is a tool to create a thread. Snei shape resembles a nut but ulirnya a cut eye. The teeth of the screw once established then hardened and tempered so that she could do the cutting of the workpiece. In the process of making weapons and snei snei.Snei held by the stalk that is usually used for the manufacture of screw is snei snei solid and slotted.
C. Snei solidSnei this type of hexagon-shaped or round. To facilitate the initial revolves snei then the type is not the whole eye piece as large, but slightly tapered in the eyes of the initial cutting. Thus the workpiece can be entered into the snei little easier.
D. Snei slotted (Split Die)Snei of this type are widely used to manufacture the screw out, because it has the advantages of the solid snei. Advantages include a large diameter can be enlarged and reduced to standard size. Thus at the time of introduction revolves enlarged diameter and the diameter returned to the finishing time of the standard size. Settings by using the bolt setter.
Snei slotted (Split Die)
To create a thread by using the tools that are needed snei snei holder. At pemegeng snei is equipped with fastener bolts, so do not go spinning snei during cutting / revolves
Holders Snei
E. Screw Making Work Step By Snei is as following:- Prepare workpiece and clamp the vise vertically.- Attach the holder and kuncikan snei fastening bolts.- Place snei the workpiece with a flat position, and then emphasize snei to get in on snei workpiece. Apply pressure while snei screwed clockwise direction.- Screening or Ingestion of approximately 60 º, then returned to its original position. Playback are intended to cut burr and clean the screw that has been made and provides the opportunity burr out of snei.- Perform the above steps work continuously and provide lubricating oil to mendingingkan snei and to help remove the burr.- For the manufacture of screw with slotted snei, then repeat it revolves with the first set back the width of the opening snei. And so forth until the size snei back on the standard size.- Check the results using the mall snei threaded, threaded and snei so clean.
Preparing for Job Objects
Step revolves
With a vise grippingThe things that need to be monitored or bullet followed in the vise clamping the work piece is as follows:- Use the vise jaws to prevent coating of the workpiece so as not to damage the surface.- Clamping the work piece should be flat, meaning that the surface of the workpiece out of the vise jaws should be straight and parallel to the vise jaws.- For clamping workpieces which a thin hollow tube is used as additional material is inserted into the pipe, so that the pipe is clamped will not damage / change form.- For clamping thin workpieces (thin plate) gunakanlandasan of wood. The foundation is clamped in the jaws doubt.
Objects binders Work At vise
Position clamp vise Objects Working On
Machine Tool (Engine Lathe)
Machine Tool is a machine tool used to cut objects rotated. Machine itself is a process workpieces sayatannya Ingestion done by rotating the workpiece and then subjected to the cutting tool is moved in translation parallel to the spin axis of the workpiece. Rotary movement of the workpiece relative called and move the cut motion of the chisel is called translational motion of the bait.By adjusting the ratio of the workpiece rotational speed and translational speed of the cutting tool to get some kind of screw with a size range is different. This can be done by way of a gear change that connects the translational axis spindle with a threaded shaft.Gear exchange are provided specifically to meet the purposes of making a screw. Number of teeth on each gear changers magnitude varies anywhere from 15 to 127 maximum number of teeth. Exchanger with the gear 127 has a specificity because it is used for conversion from metric to a screw-inch screw.
Part of the Machine Tool
Machine Tool SettingA. Head Stock: peotongan place settings (speed of cut)2. Spindle: mneruskan the spin machine to the workpiece, so that the workpiece can rotate, as well as a place holder attached keerja objects.3. Chuck: workpiece holder.4. Dead Center: To support the ends of the workpiece, this center does not rotate with the workpiece.5. Tail Stock Spindle: point of attachment of dead center. It can also Disampaing to attach drill chuck for drilling etc.. Equipment for various kinds of work.6. Stock Tail: The back (tail) lathe, for supporting the workpiece edge with intermediaries dead center attached to the tail stock spindle.7. Tail Stock Hand Wheel: to advance or rewind the dead center position to the position of the workpiece dapatdiatur well. Besides, if the tail stock spindle mounted on the drill bit the tail stock hand wheel can be used to provide motion Ingestion.8. Bed: supporting the head stock, tail stock while the bed is called bagianatas of ways.9. Leg: besin foot lathe, there are only a small machine.10. Carriage: the part that can be shifted to the longitudinal direction along the bed, the carriage carrying the - the other part that lies on top, the cross slide.11. Cross Slide: when the transverse axis located above the lathe carriage to hold movement transverse Ingestion (cross feed).12. Compound Rest: a place to put the tool post.13. Tool Post: point of attachment of the chisel (cutting tool)
2.2.3 Operational processes in Machine ToolA. Parameters That Can Be Arranged At Machine ToolThree main parameters in each process are lathe spindle rotation speed (speed), the movement of food (feed), and depth of cut (depth of cut). Other factors such as workpiece material and the type of chisel is actually also have a considerable influence, but the above three parameters are adjustable by the operator directly on the lathe.Rotational speed, n (speed), always associated with the major axis (spindle) and the workpiece. Rotational speed is denoted as the revolutions per minute (rotations per minute, rpm). However, the lathe is preferred in the process of cutting speed (cutting speed or v) or the speed of the workpiece through the cutting tool / workpiece circumference (see Figure 2.2.3.1). Simply cutting speed can be described as the circumference of the workpiece or the rotational speed multiplied by:v = dn / 1000Where:v = cutting speed (m / min)d = diameter of the workpiece (mm)n = rotation of the workpiece (rev / min)
Thus the cutting speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece. In addition to the cutting speed is determined by the diameter of the workpiece, the workpiece material factors, and the cutting tool material largely determines the price of cutting speed. Basically when the lathe cutting speed is determined based on the material of the workpiece and cutting tool. Price cutting speed is fixed, for example, for mild steel workpiece with a chisel from the HSS, the speed of intersection between 20 to 30 m / min.Ate motion, f (feed), is the distance traveled by the chisel of each workpiece rotates one time (Figure 2.2.3.2), so f is a unit of mm / cycle. Feed motion is determined by the power of the machine, workpiece material, cutting tool material, the shape of a chisel, and in particular the desired surface finish. Feed motion is usually determined in relation to the depth of cut (a). The motion meal costs about 1/3 to 1/20 (a), or in accordance with the desired surface finish.
Eating motion (F) and Cut Depth (A)
A depth of cut (depth of cut), is the thickness of the workpiece is removed from the workpiece, or the distance between the cut surface of the surface that has not been truncated. When carving a deep cut, then the diameter of the workpiece is reduced 2a, because the surface of the workpiece to be cut on two sides, a result from a rotating workpiece.Some of the machining process in addition to the lathe in Figure 2.2.3.1, the lathe machining process can also be done the other, the lathe in the (internal turning), the process of making a hole with the drill (drilling), enlarge the hole (boring), manufacture of screw (thread cutting), and making grooves (grooving / partingoff). The process was carried out on a lathe with the aid / other additional equipment for the machining process can be done (see Figure 2.2.3.3).
Picture 2.2.3.3 Machining Processes In Machine Tool GuidePicture:(A) turning hips (Chamfering),
(B) The flow turning (Parting-Off),
(C) turning Screw (Threading),
(D) turning Hole (Boring),
(E) Making holes (Drilling), and
(F) Making Cartel (knurling)
B. Various Kinds On Machine Tool Cutting ProcessVarious kinds of processes operasioanal / jobs can be done by a lathe that is:
A. TurningThe process of cutting a cylindrical surface of a workpiece in which the average Ingestion on all sides. The workpiece is usually dipasangdiantara center or simply clamped on chucknya only (for short workpieces)
2. Facingthe process fasing, chisel cutting edge moves from a rotating workpiece to produce a flat surface, the workpiece is clamped in the chuck.
3. TaperingThat is the same as just turning the workpiece to form the shape of thin or tapered.
4. Drillingto do the drilling on the lathe drill held on the tail stock mounted so as to hold the chisel drill that will pierce the workpiece in the chuck rotates. Feeding is given by pressing tail stock by hand.5. Borringthe process of enlargement of the hole where the hole is generated from the drilling or holes in castings. Boring on lathe made by placing a workpiece on the chuck. The main usefulness of the operation that is borring to create a hole is concentric with the axis, as well as to correct errors that may occur prior to the drilling process, the concentration is the most important properties of the hole results borring process.
7. Knurlingthe suppression of a chisel knurling on work piece, wherein the workpiece is not diraut, only the pressure is just to produce the surface forms.
8. Thread CuttingThread cutting is a process for preparing screw, both external and internal screw threads in a. In the manufacture of threaded, or threaded chisel can be used for threaded outside tap and die to make the screw.
2.2.4 Work Processes Machine ToolLathe machining process is a process to produce engine parts are done with the cylindrical shape using a lathe. The basic principle can be defined as the process of machining the outer surface of a cylindrical object or flat lathe:- With a rotating workpiece- With a single cut chisel-edged (with a single-point cutting tool)- With chisel movement parallel to the axis of the workpiece at a certain distanceso it will discard the outer surface of the workpiece (see Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 1)The process of lathe surface (surface turning, Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 2) is a process that is identical to the lathe lathe flat, but the direction of movement Ingestion perpendicular to the axis of the workpiece. The process of lathe taper (taper turning, Figure 2.2.4.1 no. 3) is virtually identical to the flat on the lathe, just the way the chisel to form a certain angle to the axis of the workpiece. Similarly, contour lathe process, carried out by varying the depth of cut, thus producing the desired shape. Although the lathe is specifically using a single cut-edged chisel, but eyed the lathe still includes the plural pieces of lathe as well, because basically every chisel work on their own. Besides setting process (setting) chisels remain to be done one by one
Flat Lathe process, (2) Surface Tool,And (3) Tool Tyre
2.3 Tools Cut (Cut)2.3.1. Type of CutThe geometry / shape is mainly dependent on the lathe cutting tool material of the workpiece and cutting tool material. Standard terminology is shown in Figure 2.3.1. For lathe chisel-edged single piece, the most basic chisel angle is the angle burr (rake angle), angle-free (clearance angle), and angle the cut side (cutting edge angle). The corners of HSS cutting tool is formed by a chisel sharpened using a grinding machine (Machine Tool Grinder). Meanwhile, when the chisel is a cutting tool inserts (insert) is placed at the site of chisels, cutting tool geometry can be seen in Figure 2.3.2. In addition to the cutting tool lathe cutting tool geometry can also be identified based on the location of the cut (cutting edge) that is a chisel right hand (Right-hand tools) and chisel left hand Left-hand tools),
HSS Lathe Chisel geometry (Honed Chisel Grinding MachineChisel)
Geometry Lathe Chisel Inserts (Insert)
And Chisel chisel Right Hand Left Hand
Lathe chisel above when used for the process is usually mounted on a lathe cutting tool holder (tool holder). Chisel holder is used to hold the chisel of the HSS with a chisel tip cultivated as short as possible to avoid vibrations in the time used for a lathe (see Figure 2.3.4). For the chisel-shaped inserts (inserts), chisel chisel is mounted on a suitable place, (see Figure 2.3.5).
HSS Chisel holder: (A) Cut Alur, (B) Cut In, (C) Cut Align Right, (D) Chisel Align Left), and (E) Cut Screw
Lathe Chisel Inserts (Inserts), Dan Listed In The Blanks Cut Chisel Holder (Tool Holders)
Coding forms and chisels chisel inserts and holders are standardized by ISO. ISO standard for cutting tool inserts can be seen in Appendix, and the encoding of the chisel holder can be seen also in the Appendix.
2.4 Machines ChainsawsThe main function is to cut the saw machine workpieces in large quantities. There are different kinds of chain saw chain saw including the engine flat, band saw machines, circular saws and machines. Here's a picture of a saw machine is used in mechanical workshops.
Sengkang disc saws and Saw Scratch
Mechanical movement of a saw machine can be described as follows, note the picture on the previous page rotation motors are connected by a belt on the wheel axle, gears on the shaft keeping the router connected to the connecting gears, gear shaft rotating puck mover connection move the piston rod so as to produce the retreat forward to the cross bar saws. Drive shaft is mounted in a groove puck mover and fastened by a bolt and nut (eccentric movement) in which the flow regulator is a step length of cross bar saws.If the driver is installed near the end of the rod axis keeping force, then the cross bar to move short-saws. The further the location of the tip of the axis drive shaft drive increasingly long for the movement of cross bar. To set the short term this step is done by fastening the nuts loosen, then shifting the driving shaft at a position that we want.
Movement Mechanical Engineering Chainsaws
Leaves form a chain saw for the purposes of this chain saw can be adjusted to the type of machine used saws. In the figure below are shown the various types of saws according to the shape of leaves.
Chainsaws Leaf TypesA. Principles of Machine SawsRotary motion to the electric motor, converted to a straight movement back and forth with a mechanism similar to sekrap machine. Motion passed back and forth on the frame clamp blade (cutter), because there is a weight on the frame, then the alternating step changes in the position of center of gravity frame that resulted in suppression, then the frame being held by a hydraulic mechanism. The position of the frame will drop straight down to the minimum length of a hydraulic arm achieved.
2.5 Grinding MachinesCylindrical grinding machine
The ability to sharpen the cutting tool sharpening with sand or stones have been discovered by primitive man many centuries ago. Scraper tools used to create the first time on the grinding stone and iron age to the great progress made over to the sharpening process. In the early 1900s, the grinding has developed very rapidly as the human ability to make such abrasive grains of silicon carbide and aluminum carbide. Further development of more effective sharpening machine called a grinding machine. This machine can erode metal surfaces quickly and have a high degree of accuracy in accordance with the desired shape. Grinding machine is one machine that is used for sharpening tools / cutting of the workpiece with a specific purpose. The working principle is the grinding wheel grinding machine rotates in contact with the workpiece, causing erosion, sharpening, grinding, or cutting.
A. Types of Grinding MachinesA. Flat Grinding MachineFlat grinding is a grinding technique which refers to the manufacture of flat shapes, shapes and uneven surfaces on a workpiece under a rotating grinding wheel. In general, grinding machines are used for surface grinding machine table moves back and forth horizontally.Gripped workpiece on the magnetic table box, move back and forth under the grinding wheel. Table on flat grinding machine can be operated manually or automatically. Based on its main axis, flat grinding machine is divided into four kinds.Flat grinding machines with horizontal motion of the table back and forth. Grinding machine is used for grinding objects with flat surfaces and angled (see Figure 5.3).Flat horizontal grinding machine with a rotating motion of the table, this type of machine used for flat surface grinding spindle (see Figure 5.4).
Flat grinding machines with vertical motion of the table back and forth, this type of machine used for grinding flat, objects, width, and angle (see Figure 2.5.5).
Vertical Flat Grinding Machine-Table Alternating motion-Back
Vertical flat grinding machine with a rotating motion of the table, this type of machine used for flat surface grinding spindle (see Figure 2.5.6).
Vertical Flat Grinding Machine-Table Rotating Motion
Based on the principle of flat grinding machine work is divided into two kinds.1) flat semi-automatic grinding machine, the cutting process can be done manually (hand) and automatic machines.2) a flat-automatic grinding machine, the cutting process is regulated through the program (NC / CNC Numerical Control and / Computer Numerically Control).2.6 Term SlideSliding period is a measuring tool frequently used in the machine shop. Serves as a sliding-term measure commonly used machine operator can measure the length up to 200 mm, 0.05 mm accuracy. Picture 2.6.1. The following is a picture of the long slide that can measure the length of the jaws, the depth of the tail, with a slit width of the upper sensor. The long slide has a measuring scale (vernier scale) by a particular reading. There is also equipped with slide-hour period of measurement, or equipped with a digital size of the pointer. Measurements using the term sliding is done by touching the sensor measuring the workpiece to be measured, (see Figure 2.6.1.). Some kind of term with a sliding scale reading pointer can be (seen in Figure 2.6.2)
Term Sensor Can Be Used For The SlideVarious measuring position.
Pointer-term Sorong With Readings Nonius, Clock Measure, and Digital.
Reading of the slide-term measurements using measuring clock is done by reading the main scale plus the distance indicated by the clock gauge. For the long slide with a digital readout pointer, the measurement results can be directly read on a digital monitor. Using the term sliding scale Nonius, in brief how readings size is as follows:- Read the main points on a scale mm (in Figure 4.3. Below: 9 mm)- Read the oversized numbers by looking for the main scale line- A straight line with Nonius scale
2.7 Pin LocatorPin Locator
Locator Pin is a workholding device used to position the workpiece in a jig or fixture. Locators establish a relationship between the workpiece and the workholding device.Locating Pin is used to control, good tolerance of the position of the workpiece is also to find a good outside workpiece surface or interior holes. For example, a palette that moves along a single axis, in which the drive mechanism is not accurate and stable enough to put him in a position that is accurate enough to execute a particular process, the use of pin location may be the best solution.Finding pin is available in many shapes and sizes. Typically two pin locations is to correctly find the workpiece on one plane. There are dozens of styles pin placements that can be utilized in the design. We will explain the structure and show examples of how each style can be applied. One of the most common pin is the pin went to either small or large head.
3.1 Work Flow Diagram Pin
3.2 Materials Selection and determination to be made Dimensional Objects3.2.1 Material
In the lab II, Mechanical Technology I was using the material in the form of the shaft. Therefore, each group gets a shaft material with pangjang 130 mm and a diameter of 30 mm.3.2.2 The dimensions of the desired object
Dimensions desired in the practice of Mechanical Technology I was having overall dimensions of the material:Length: 100 mmThe smallest diameter: 12 mmLargest diameter: 28 mm
3.3 Material Cutting Process3.3.1 The dimensions of the cut materialMaterials that do the cutting process is having the dimensionsLength: 130mmDiameter: 30mm
3.3.2 The Material Cutting Machine with SawFirst do the cutting process when nporos still in, and then divided each group with a length of 130 mm mendaptkan. Then the axis of the work carried out by using a half of the Machine Tool and workpiece measurement of the desired length of material that is 100mm, therefore the workpiece is cut again to the size of 105 mm, then the rest is done facing process using a lathe so that the workpiece surface be flat.Pin Locator 3.4.2 Work Process
No Picture Time1
l = 130mmn = 740f = 0.351Tc = l / Vt 130/2 =
5 min in lab II, Mechanical Technology I was using the material of the shaft. Therefore, each group gets a shaft material with pangjang 130 mm and a diameter of 30 mm.2
l = 130mmn = 740f = 0.19tc = l / Vf45/140, 6 =0.32 min after it's done turning process (Reduce diameter), made the process of turning in the greatest diameter for further work on these processes. That is, with a diameter of 28 mm and 45 mm pamjang.3
l = 10mmn = 740f = 0.193tc = l / Vf10/142, 85mm =0.07 Min Then do the downsizing (Turning) diameter starting from the right side, with a length of 10 mm.
4
l = 12n = 740f = 0.23tc = 12/171, 42 mm =0.07 min after the work is carried out further work, namely the manufacture of tapered at an angle of 15 º and 10 mm long, with a process called tampering, and behind it also made the process of tampering with sudt 45 º and a length of 2 mm.5
l = 10mmn = 740 rpmf = 0.193t = l / Vf10/142, 8 =0.07 min Subsequently, after the process penirusan with these dimensions, carried out further work that is turning from the end of the penirusan earlier, with a length of 10 mm6
l = 4mmn = 740f = 0.23tc = l / Vf4/170, 2 =
2 min after it's done penirusan again, on the Boards of the diameter is 28 mm. Do penirusan (Champering) with a 45 º angle and a length of 4 mm.7
l = 5mmn = 740rpmf = 0.018tc = l / Vf5/13, 51 =0.37 minThen after the tampering, the next dilkukan the cutting shaft with a length of 105 mm, and in facing up to the length of 100mm in accordance with the diinginkan.Lalu Dimens done turning on the 12mm diameter, but not directly dilkaukan turning 12 mm, but gradually little by little .8
l = 3mmnn = 740rpmf = 0.019tc = l / Vf3/14, 28 =0.21 minAfter construction is completed, the next process is to do the work of making the basin with a length of 3 mm and diameter 10, as shown next.9
l = 12mmn = 740f = 0019tc = / Vf12/14, 06 = 0.85 minAnd performed the last penirusan at the end of the object with a length of 12mm with an angle of 45 º.10
l = 12mmn = 740f = 0019tc = l / Vf12/14, 06 = 0.85 minThen after work is completed using a lathe, a recent work on the manufacture of screw diameter of 12mm was using the work bench, the object is clamped diragum later in the tab.11
The sum of all calculations tc And disampinglah objects such as images become.
3.5.2 Process with Machine Tool Perautan
The dimensions of the desired dimensions of practice
No results in the desired size of Practical InformationAccording Not Available1 The length of the cylindrical body 130 mm 130 mm long cylindrical object 2 The diameter of cylindrical objects ranging from the right side mm, with a length of 10 mm diameter cylindrical objects ranging from the right side mm, length 10 mm 3 Then Camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 10mm then Camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 10 mm 4 After turning on the smallest of the previous camfering, with a length of 10 mm After turning on the smallest of the previous camfering, with a length of 10 mm Turning again to 5, and a length of 10 mm Turning again, and a length of 10 mm 6 Then tuening more in diameter, and length 5mm Then again tuening diameter and 5mm in length 7 Camfering with an angle of 45 º, and a length of 4 mm with an angle of 45 º Camfering, and a length of 4 mm After 8 d behind the object, and d do with a diameter turning diameter, 51mm length d After that things behind, and with a diameter d do turning diameter, 51mm length 9 Then turning again from the right section of 7mm with, with a width of 3mm Then turning again from the right section of 7mm with, with a width of 3mm10 After that camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 11mm After that camfering with 15 º angle, with a length of 11mm Making diameter threaded section 11, starting from the last dicamfering, until turning to the diameterManufacture of threaded section diameter, ranging from the dicamfering said, turning with a diameter up to
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
4.1 ConclusionIn the manufacture of objects in the desired shape in accordance with the operational process of the lathe can make students better understand and explore the manufacturing field. Sehinngga students are able to hone the skills that already described at the time of study and applied directly by lathe machining lab. Besides working with machine tools requires a very fast, from the use of the process engine with manual tools.
4.2 AdviceGrader emotion more attention to each group, and every work out what to do in order to avoid mistakes, because if any of it will be fatal, is to make locator pin again, and start working from scratch again.
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